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List of illustrations | |
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Series editor's preface | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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List of abbreviations and symbols | |
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Map of Greater Asia | |
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Introduction | |
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World Englishes | |
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Asian Englishes | |
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Resources on world Englishes | |
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Structure of this book | |
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Theory, Method and Contexts | |
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World Englishes today | |
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Introduction | |
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The world-wide diffusion of English | |
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Language, dialect and variety | |
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Accent | |
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Varieties of world Englishes | |
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Diffusion and variation | |
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Standards | |
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External models in the Outer and Expanding Circles | |
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Internal models in the Outer and Expanding Circles | |
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Ideological perspectives | |
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Literatures in world Englishes | |
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Multilingual English users | |
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Issues in English language education | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Conceptual framework | |
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Introduction | |
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The reality of native vs. non-native | |
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EFL vs. ESL: The prevailing view | |
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Speech community and speech fellowship | |
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The Three Circles | |
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Range and depth | |
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Institutionalization | |
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Norm-providing and norm-accepting | |
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Nativization and acculturation | |
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Bilinguals' creativity | |
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Multilingualism and models | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Structural variation | |
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Introduction | |
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Phonology | |
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Grammar | |
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Discourse | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Contexts and identities | |
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Introduction | |
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Conventions of speaking | |
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Conversation analysis | |
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Speech acts in world Englishes | |
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Conventions of writing | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Parameters of intelligibility | |
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Introduction | |
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Intelligibility, comprehensibility and interpretability | |
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Researching intelligibility | |
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Smith and Rafiqzad's study of intelligibility | |
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Smith and Bisazza's study of comprehensibility | |
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Matsuura, Chiba and Fujieda's study of intelligibility and comprehensibility | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Acquisition, Creativity, Standards and Testing | |
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World Englishes and language acquisition | |
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Introduction | |
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Theoretical orientation of SLA research | |
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SLA in multilingual contexts | |
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SLA and formal instruction | |
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Issues of proficiency and communicative competence | |
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Nativization and Englishization | |
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Interlanguage and world Englishes | |
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Why SLA theories and world Englishes do not connect | |
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The ground realities | |
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Acquisition of English in the Outer and Expanding Circles | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Standards, codification and world Englishes | |
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Introduction | |
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Standard British English | |
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External vs. internal models in Outer and Expanding Circles | |
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Two constructs of standards and codification | |
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Issues in standards and codification | |
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Codification and teacher education | |
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The notion of foreignness | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Creativity and innovations | |
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Introduction | |
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Background | |
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Contact literatures | |
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Multilinguals' language use | |
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Reading contact literatures | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Teaching and testing world Englishes | |
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Introduction | |
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Myths about English | |
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Discourses of marginality | |
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World Englishes in teacher education | |
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Curricular changes in teacher training | |
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Implementation of curriculum | |
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Classroom procedures | |
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Testing world Englishes | |
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Critiques of existing tests | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Teaching world English literatures | |
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Introduction | |
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The rationale for contact literatures in the classroom | |
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Stylistic devices | |
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Reading a text cross-culturally | |
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Teaching other-culture literatures | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Profiles across Cultures | |
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South Asian English | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical background | |
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Status of South Asian English | |
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Nativization: Characteristics of South Asian English | |
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Bilinguals' creativity | |
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Englishization in South Asia | |
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Attitudes towards English | |
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Models for South Asian Englishes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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East Asian Englishes | |
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Introduction | |
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Chinese English | |
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Characteristics of Chinese English | |
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Japanese English | |
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Characteristics of Japanese English | |
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Korean English | |
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Characteristics of Korean English | |
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Englishization of Korean | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Southeast Asian Englishes | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical background | |
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Status and function of English | |
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Sociolinguistic profile | |
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Characteristics of Southeast Asian Englishes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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African Englishes | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical background | |
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Grammatical and idiomatic innovations | |
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Black South African English | |
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The Black South African English education context | |
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Ideological issues | |
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Characteristics of Black South African English | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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African-American Vernacular English | |
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Introduction | |
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African-American Vernacular English: Basic considerations | |
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Origins and development of African-American Vernacular English | |
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Characteristics of African-American Vernacular English | |
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Two co-existing systems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Applied Theory and World Englishes | |
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Researching grammar | |
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Introduction | |
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Grammatical agreement | |
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Variation study | |
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Corpus analysis: Grammatical and style variation | |
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Modals of obligation and necessity | |
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Relevance of corpora to research | |
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Analysing literatures in five Englishes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Dictionaries of world Englishes | |
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Introduction | |
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The Asian context | |
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The Australian context | |
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Philippine English | |
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Singaporean English | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Code-mixing and code-switching | |
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Introduction | |
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The phenomenon of code-mixing | |
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The pragmatics of code-switching | |
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Code-switching/mixing as communication | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Culture and conventions of speaking | |
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Introduction | |
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Gender and age in language use | |
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Gender in Indian English | |
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Ethnic variation in discourse | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Culture and conventions of writing | |
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Introduction | |
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Argumentation and persuasion | |
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Contrastive rhetoric illustrated | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Genre analysis across cultures | |
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Introduction | |
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Definition of genre | |
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Ideology of genre | |
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Gatekeeping | |
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Implications for world Englishes | |
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Genres across cultures | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Power, ideology and attitudes | |
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Introduction | |
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Formulation of linguistic imperialism | |
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Formulation of cultural politics | |
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Ideological bases of applied linguistics | |
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Views from the 'periphery' | |
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The strategies of the marginalized | |
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Contrasting ideologies | |
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Ideologies and world Englishes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggested activities | |
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Conclusion: Current trends and future directions | |
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Introduction | |
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Aims and goals | |
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Future directions | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes | |
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Glossary | |
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Annotated bibliography | |
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Additional resources | |
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References | |
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Index | |