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| Preface | |
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| Table of Contents | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| Electricity supply: from monopoly to complexity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A paradigm shift for network industries | |
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| What does it mean for electricity? | |
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| Main research question | |
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| Relevance | |
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| Reading guide | |
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| Research framework | |
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| Research goal | |
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| Research question | |
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| A design problem: the meta model | |
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| The meta model as applied to this research question | |
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| Research method | |
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| System description | |
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| Introduction: the electricity system | |
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| The technical subsystem | |
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| The physical layer | |
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| The operational layer | |
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| The economic subsystem | |
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| Three types of services | |
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| The commodity market | |
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| Technical services ('connection') | |
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| Other services ('commercial') | |
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| The subsystems integrated | |
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| Links from the technical to the economic subsystem | |
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| Links from the economic to the technical subsystem | |
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| Transmission tariffs: 'copper plate' or not? | |
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| Legal organisation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hohfeld's fundamental legal conceptions | |
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| Policy instruments | |
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| Legal organisation: the issues | |
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| Allocation of responsibility | |
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| Permissions: who is allowed to perform which tasks? | |
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| Rules: how to perform responsibilities and permissions? | |
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| Government control | |
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| Design variables | |
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| Public policy goals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Triple A: the main primary goals | |
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| Availability: secure supply for all | |
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| Affordability: the quest for economic efficiency | |
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| Acceptability: socially responsible electricity supply | |
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| Secondary goals | |
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| The main goals in our design problem | |
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| Legal constraints | |
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| Introduction: restriction to the EU | |
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| Development of a European electricity framework | |
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| Free movement of goods | |
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| Free movement of services and capital and the right of establishment | |
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| Competition law: rules for undertakings | |
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| State aid | |
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| Public service obligations | |
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| Directives: main structure of the industry | |
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| Conclusion: legal constraints in our design problem | |
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| Design method | |
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| A 'method' to integrate the model and selection stages | |
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| Outline of the method | |
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| Step I: Analysis of the function | |
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| Step II: Analysis of each function within its context | |
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| Step III: Design decisions for the legal organisation | |
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| The core of the FULDA-method | |
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| Who should decide about the organisation of a function? | |
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| A. Should someone be made explicitly responsible for this function? | |
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| B. Who should be made responsible? or: Who should be allowed to perform this function? | |
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| C. How should the function be further organised? | |
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| D. What control possibilities for government should be implemented? | |
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| An inventory of critical technical functions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Building a functional model | |
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| The functions | |
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| Categorising the functions | |
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| Selecting the functions for the case studies | |
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| Electricity generation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Analysis of generation as a function (Step I) | |
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| The function of generation in its context (Step II) | |
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| Designing the organisation of generation (Step III) | |
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| Conclusion: generation in a market environment | |
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| Maintenance of the energy balance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The analysis of the function (Step I) | |
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| The function within its context (Step II) | |
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| Design of the function's organisation (Step III) | |
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| Compensation of energy losses | |
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| Conclusion and analysis | |
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| Generation adequacy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Securing sufficient investment in generation capacity (Step I) | |
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| Generation adequacy in its context (Step II) | |
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| Designing a framework to secure generation adequacy (Step III) | |
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| Should someone be made explicitly responsible? | |
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| Who should be made explicitly responsible? | |
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| Controlling the function through capacity mechanisms | |
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| Analysis: how to secure generation adequacy | |
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| Network operations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Voltage control and reactive power management | |
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| Analysis of voltage control (Step I) | |
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| Voltage control in its context (Step II) | |
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| The organisation of voltage control (Step III) | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| N - 1 security | |
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| The analysis of N-1 security as a function (Step I) | |
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| The context of N-1 security (Step II) | |
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| Design of the rules for 'N-1 security' (Step III) | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Other network operations functions | |
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| Flow management | |
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| Network-faults clearing and short-circuit currents | |
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| Black-start capacity | |
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| Congestion management | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Criteria for congestion management methods | |
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| Calculation of the amount of available capacity | |
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| Congestion management methods | |
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| Corrective methods: Redispatching and countertrading | |
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| Allocation methods | |
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| General overview | |
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| Explicit auctioning | |
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| Implicit auctioning | |
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| Market splitting and market coupling | |
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| Evaluation of congestion management methods | |
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| Designing congestion management | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Transport adequacy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Analysis of transport adequacy (Step I) | |
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| Transport adequacy in its context (Step II) | |
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| The organisation of transport adequacy (Step III) | |
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| Quality regulation | |
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| The need for risk governance | |
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| The quality objective | |
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| The policy instruments | |
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| Can the time lag problem be overcome? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Merchant investment in interconnectors? | |
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| Interconnection investment | |
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| Why merchant interconnectors? | |
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| Standard regulation of transmission | |
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| Economics of merchant interconnectors | |
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| The special regime of the Regulation | |
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| The Estlink decisions | |
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| Analysis and conclusion: a Trojan horse? | |
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| Validation of the method | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The theory behind validation of the method | |
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| Validation of the FULDA-method | |
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| The FULDA-method as a decision support tool | |
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| The impact of the context on the method: comparison EU-US | |
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| Strategy for a thorough validation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The need for restructuring the legal organisation | |
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| Design criteria | |
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| Design approach and FULDA-method | |
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| Our design for reliable electricity supply | |
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| Assessment: does the design meet the criteria? | |
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| Reflection | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Responsibility for the design | |
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| Responsibility for organising a function | |
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| The role of technology | |
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| Comparison with practice | |
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| The need for coordination | |
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| Further research | |
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| Case study: the maintenance of the energy balance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| European rules for the function | |
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| Maintenance of the energy balance in the UCTE system | |
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| Selecting the countries for the case studies | |
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| The Netherlands | |
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| Belgium | |
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| France | |
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| England and Wales | |
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| Germany | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| List of EC Legislation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Samenvatting | |
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| Curriculum vitae | |