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Foreword | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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A Broad Impact | |
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An Increasingly Important Role | |
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Why This Book? | |
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A Key Question: What Does State Government Do? | |
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Government Responds | |
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Reform: Is This the Time? | |
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Rising Calls for Reform | |
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Four Categories of Reform | |
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The Budget Process | |
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Legislative Process | |
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The Role of Money in Lobbying | |
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The Role of Money in Campaigns | |
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Redistricting | |
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Policy Reforms | |
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The State Constitution | |
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The Political and Governmental Culture of Albany | |
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The Road Ahead | |
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The Upstate Challenge | |
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A Dramatic Reversal of Economic Fortunes | |
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A Rising Tide, Then an Ebb, of Manufacturing Jobs | |
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Sharp Decline in Upstate Cities | |
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The Upstate Economy Becomes a Political Issue | |
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What Explains Upstate's Long Decline? | |
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Still Some Key Advantages | |
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Looking Ahead | |
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The Governor and Other Statewide Elected Leaders | |
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A Powerful Executive | |
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Who Becomes Governor of New York? | |
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What Does the Governor Do? | |
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Enacting Laws: Constitutional Powers, Political Influence | |
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The Agreement to Create Charter Schools | |
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Persuading Legislators on an Ethics Law | |
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The Power of the Spotlight | |
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The Administrator-in-Chief | |
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Limits to Executive Authority | |
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The Governor's Staff: The "Second Floor" | |
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Governor's Legislation | |
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Assessing Governors | |
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The Lieutenant Governor | |
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Beyond the Governor | |
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The Comptroller | |
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The $128 Billion Job | |
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The Attorney General | |
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The Legislature | |
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The Basics | |
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From Royal Control to the Will of the People | |
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"One Man, One Vote" | |
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The Powers of the Legislature | |
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Limits on Power | |
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How Do The Houses Work? | |
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How a Bill Becomes a Law: The Basics | |
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The Role of the Leadership | |
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The Committee System | |
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Conference Committees: What Was Old is New Again | |
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The Minority: An Important Voice | |
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A "Professional" Legislature | |
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Who Are They? Members of the Legislature Today | |
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Representative Democracy = Politics | |
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Getting Elected | |
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The Judiciary | |
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State Courts: The Mainstream of the U.S. Judiciary | |
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Structure of the Courts | |
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The Constitution on the Courts | |
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An "Absurdly Complex" System | |
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The Trial Courts | |
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Structural Reform? | |
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Appellate Courts | |
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The Court of Appeals | |
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Powers of the Courts | |
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Checks on the Courts' Powers | |
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The Judges | |
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The People's Courts: The Juror's Role | |
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The Constitution | |
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Changes Over Time | |
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The National Context | |
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New York's First Constitution | |
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The 1821 Constitutional Convention: Historic Changes | |
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More Power to the People: The 1846 Convention | |
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Development of the Modern Constitution: 1894-1938 | |
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The Constitution at the Turn of the 21st Century: A Bill of Rights - Right at the Start | |
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Structure of State Government: The Legislature | |
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Structure of State Government: The Governor | |
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The Comptroller and the Attorney General | |
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Structure of State Government: The Judiciary | |
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What Government Must, May, and Cannot Do | |
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Driving Constitutional Change: Politics, Society, and Ideas | |
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The 1997 Vote Against a Convention | |
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Constitutional Reform Without a Convention | |
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Appointed Officials, Administrative Law, and the Bureaucracy | |
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Policy, Powers, and People | |
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The Power of Appointed Officials | |
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Patronage, or Performance? | |
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State Agency Powers: Regulation | |
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Regulating Business Relationships | |
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Public Service Commission | |
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Banking and Insurance Regulation | |
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The Banking Department | |
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The Insurance Department | |
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The Department of State | |
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Administrative Law: Authority Under the Statutes | |
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Regulating the Regulators: SAPA | |
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Rulemaking | |
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Executive Chamber Oversight of Regulations | |
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Adjudication | |
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Licensing | |
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Beyond SAPA | |
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From SAPA to GORR | |
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Regulatory Agencies and the Courts | |
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The Workforce | |
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Who Are the State's Workers? | |
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The Legal Environment: Yesterday and Today | |
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The Taylor Law | |
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Resolving Disputes Under the Taylor Law | |
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Bargaining Units and Unions | |
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Repairing a "Calcified" Civil-Service System | |
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Employee Relations in the 21st Century | |
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State Government's Biggest Job: The Budget | |
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Who Are the Players? | |
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How to Measure the Budget? | |
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More Than Meets the Eye | |
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What's in the Budget: The Spending Side | |
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Priorities Change | |
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Where Does the Money Come From? | |
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Cutting Taxes | |
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The Growing Role of State-Sponsored Gambling | |
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The Executive Budget Process | |
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How the Process Unfolds | |
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The Legislature's Role | |
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A Contentious Process | |
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The Continuing Struggle Over Budget Powers | |
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The Battle Over Proposal One | |
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Who Decides, and How? | |
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The Balance of Power | |
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How New York Compares | |
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Why Is Government in New York More Expensive? | |
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More Transparency Under New Accounting Rules | |
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Budget Watchdogs | |
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State Debt and Public Authorities | |
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The Limits on State Debt | |
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The Rise of Public Authorities | |
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Public Authorities Today | |
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State Debt Profile | |
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Criticisms of State Debt and Public Authorities | |
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Reform Efforts: Recent and Proposed | |
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Health and Mental Hygiene | |
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A Multi-Tiered System | |
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Where It Began: Public Health | |
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State Government's Growing Involvement | |
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A Broad Range of Powers | |
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Regulating and Providing Health Care | |
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Medicaid | |
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Expanding Services, and Growing Costs | |
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Political Support | |
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Hospital Funding and Long-Term Care | |
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Major Changes Coming for Hospitals and Nursing Homes | |
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Medicaid Managed Care | |
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Expanding Health Coverage | |
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Recent Developments: Addressing Local Costs and Fraud | |
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Regulating Health Care | |
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Health Department Institutions | |
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Vital Statistics and Other Responsibilities | |
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Mental Hygiene | |
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Mental Health | |
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Mental Retardation | |
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Alcoholism and Substance Abuse | |
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Overseeing Quality of Care | |
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Education | |
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Overview of Education Policymaking | |
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The Regents: Broad Powers | |
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The Constitution and the Board of Regents | |
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Early Public Education in New York | |
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The Statewide Education System Today | |
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Academics: Curriculum, Teaching, and Assessment | |
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Operational Mandates | |
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Charter Schools | |
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School Finance | |
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Court Rulings and Education Finance | |
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Private Schools and Home Schooling | |
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Higher Education | |
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Creating SUNY | |
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SUNY University Centers | |
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City University of New York | |
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Influences on Education Policy | |
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Regulation of Professions | |
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Serving Individuals with Disabilities | |
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State Museum and Archives | |
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Transportation and Economic Development | |
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Early Transportation and the Great Canal | |
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Growth and Decline of the Canal System | |
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Changes in Administrative Structure | |
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The Modern Department of Transportation | |
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The Thruway | |
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Mass Transportation | |
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Airports | |
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Major Questions Over Future Capital Needs | |
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Economic Development | |
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The Business Climate | |
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The "Coupon" Strategy | |
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A Major New Incentive Program | |
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What Works in Economic Development? | |
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New York's Advantages and Competitive Challenges | |
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Labor and Family Assistance | |
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An Overview | |
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Helping the Poor: Early Efforts | |
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State and County Governments Get Involved | |
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Cash Assistance | |
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The Road to Welfare Reform | |
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The Role of the State Constitution | |
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The Changing Politics of Welfare | |
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Welfare Reform in New York | |
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After Reform | |
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A New Administrative Structure | |
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A State and Local System | |
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Office of Children and Family Services | |
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Child Care | |
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Protecting Children | |
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Foster Care | |
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Adoption | |
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Labor Policy in New York | |
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Labor Starts to Gain Power | |
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Early Legislation | |
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The Triangle Fire Leads to More Laws | |
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Labor's Modern Political Involvement | |
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The Labor Department Today | |
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Unemployment Insurance | |
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Job Services | |
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Regulating Wages | |
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Workers' Compensation | |
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Public Protection | |
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Structure of the Criminal Justice System | |
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Crime in New York | |
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The Penal Law | |
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Evolving Concepts of What the Law Should Proscribe | |
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The Police | |
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The State Police | |
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Other Police and Peace Officers | |
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Prosecution and the Courts | |
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Protections for the Accused | |
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The Role of the Attorney General | |
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Disposition of Offenders and Sentencing | |
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The Prisons: Punishment and Rehabilitation | |
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Development of Prisons in New York | |
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Modern Administration of Corrections | |
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Attica | |
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Recent Changes in Corrections | |
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Probation and Parole | |
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Younger Offenders | |
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Tougher Punishment, More Programming | |
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Commission of Correction | |
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Help for Crime Victims | |
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Homeland Security | |
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Environment and Parks | |
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Long Before Earth Day | |
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"Make It a Forest Forever" | |
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The Conservation Department | |
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The Emerging Issue of Environmental Quality | |
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DEC and the Environmental Conservation Law | |
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DEC Today | |
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Lands and Forests | |
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Conservation Officers and Forest Rangers | |
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Related Agencies | |
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The Adirondacks: A Special Case | |
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Environmental Progress | |
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Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation | |
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Origins of the State Parks System | |
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Historic Preservation | |
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A Broad Agenda | |
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The 3,166 Local Governments: History and Structure | |
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Four Types of General Government | |
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Why All These Local Governments? | |
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Major Units of Local Government: Counties | |
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Structure of County Governments | |
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Counties in the 21st Century | |
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Major Units of Local Government: Cities, Towns and Villages | |
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Cities | |
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Downstate Vitality - New York City | |
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Upstate Decline | |
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Towns | |
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Villages | |
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Fire Districts | |
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Condos, Coops and Other 'Private Neighborhoods' | |
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Cutting Across Local-Government Barriers | |
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Local Government Finance | |
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The Property Tax: Who Pays, and How Much? | |
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Tough Fiscal Challenges, for Localities and Taxpayers Alike | |
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Regional Planning: Not Much | |
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Initiative and Referendum | |
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The State-Local Paradox: Home Rule and State Mandates | |
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The Municipal Home Rule Law | |
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The Fiscal Connection | |
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The Mandate Problem | |
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A Changing Fiscal Relationship | |
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Next: Changing School Finance? | |
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Land Use: Power for Localities But Still Subject to State Regulations | |
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The People's Government | |
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Voting | |
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Political Parties | |
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Lobbying | |
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Regulation of Lobbying | |
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New Rules for Lobbying | |
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A Variety of Interests in Albany | |
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Campaign Contributions | |
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What Purpose Do Political Contributions Serve? | |
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What Can a Citizen Do? | |
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The Role of Interest Groups | |
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Strategies for Influencing Policy | |
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Accountability | |
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Open Government | |
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The News Media | |
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Performance Measurement in New York | |
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Does Measurement Improve Performance? | |
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Performance Measurement on the Rise Nationally | |
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Federalism: What Is the Role of State Governments? | |
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Shifts in the Balance of Powers | |
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Federalism Today | |
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The Bottom Line: Expanding the Public Sector? | |
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Interstate Activities | |
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Continuing Debate Over the Balance of Power | |
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The Future of Federalism | |
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Education Policy | |
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The Role of Lobbyists and 'Earmarking'in Federal Funding | |
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Insurance Regulation | |
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A Legislative Case Study: Domestic Relations Law | |