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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| List of abbreviations | |
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| Overview of offshore wind development | |
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| Development of wind power | |
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| Large wind farms | |
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| First offshore developments | |
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| Offshore wind in Northern Europe | |
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| Overview | |
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| Baltic Sea | |
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| UK waters | |
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| Offshore wind rest of the world | |
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| The United States | |
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| Asia | |
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| Offshore wind power terminology and economics | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Cost of installation | |
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| Cost of energy | |
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| O&M costs | |
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| Effect of reliability, availability and maintenance on cost of energy | |
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| Previous work | |
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| Roles | |
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| General | |
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| Regulator | |
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| Investors | |
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| Certifiers and insurers | |
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| Developers | |
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| Original equipment manufacturers | |
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| Operators and asset managers | |
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| Maintainers | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Reliability theory relevant to offshore wind turbines | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic definitions | |
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| Random and continuous variables | |
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| Reliability theory | |
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| Reliability functions | |
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| Reliability functions example | |
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| Reliability analysis assuming constant failure rate | |
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| Point processes | |
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| Non-homogeneous Poisson process | |
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| Power law process | |
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| Total time on test | |
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| Reliability block diagrams | |
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| General | |
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| Series systems | |
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| Parallel systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Practical wind turbine reliability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Typical wind turbine structure showing main assemblies | |
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| Reliability data collection | |
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| Wind turbine taxonomies | |
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| Failure location, failure mode, root cause and failure mechanism | |
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| Reliability field data | |
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| Comparative analysis of that data | |
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| Current reliability knowledge | |
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| Current failure mode knowledge | |
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| Linkage between failure mode and root cause | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Effects of wind turbine configuration on reliability | |
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| Modern wind turbine configurations | |
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| WT configuration taxonomy | |
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| General | |
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| Concepts and configurations | |
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| Sub-assemblies | |
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| Populations and operating experience | |
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| Industrial reliability data for sub-assemblies | |
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| Reliability analysis assuming constant failure rate | |
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| Analysis of turbine concepts | |
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| Comparison of concepts | |
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| Reliability of sub-assemblies | |
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| General | |
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| Generators | |
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| Gearboxes | |
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| Converters | |
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| Evaluation of current different WT configurations | |
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| Innovative WT configurations | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Design and testing for wind turbine availability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methods to improve reliability | |
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| Reliability results and future turbines | |
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| Design | |
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| Testing | |
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| Monitoring and O&M | |
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| Design techniques | |
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| Wind turbine design concepts | |
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| Wind farm design and configuration | |
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| Design review | |
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| FMEA and FMECA | |
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| Integrating design techniques | |
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| Testing techniques | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Accelerated life testing | |
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| Sub-assembly testing | |
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| Prototype and drive train testing | |
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| Offshore environmental testing | |
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| Production testing | |
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| Commissioning | |
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| From high reliability to high availability | |
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| Relation of reliability to availability | |
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| Offshore environment | |
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| Detection and interpretation | |
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| Preventive and corrective maintenance | |
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| Asset management through life | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Effect of reliability on offshore availability | |
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| Early European offshore wind farm experience | |
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| Horns Rev I wind farm, Denmark | |
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| Round 1 wind farms, the United Kingdom | |
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| Egmond aan Zee, Netherlands | |
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| Experience gained | |
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| General | |
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| Environment | |
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| Access | |
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| Offshore LV, MV and HV networks | |
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| Substation | |
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| Collector cables | |
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| Export cable connection | |
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| Other Round 1 wind farms, the United Kingdom | |
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| Commissioning | |
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| Planning offshore operations | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Monitoring wind turbines | |
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| General | |
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| Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition | |
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| Why SCADA? | |
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| Signals and alarms | |
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| Value and cost of SCADA | |
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| Condition Monitoring Systems | |
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| Why CMS? | |
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| Different CMS techniques | |
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| Vibration | |
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| Oil debris and analysis | |
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| Strain | |
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| Electrical | |
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| Value and cost of CMS | |
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| SCADA and CMS monitoring successes | |
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| General | |
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| SCADA success | |
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| CMS success | |
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| Data integration | |
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| Multi-parameter monitoring | |
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| System architecture | |
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| Energy Technologies Institute project | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Maintenance for offshore wind turbines | |
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| Staff and training | |
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| Maintenance methods | |
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| Spares | |
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| Weather | |
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| Access and logistics | |
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| Distance offshore | |
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| Vessels without access systems | |
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| Vessels with access systems | |
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| Helicopters | |
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| Fixed installation | |
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| Mobile jack-up installations | |
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| Access and logistics conclusions | |
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| Data management for maintaining offshore assets | |
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| Sources and access to data | |
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| An Offshore Wind Farm Knowledge Management System | |
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| Structure, data flow and the wind farm | |
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| Health monitoring | |
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| Asset management | |
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| Operations management | |
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| Maintenance management | |
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| Field maintenance | |
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| Information management | |
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| Complete system | |
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| Summary: towards an integrated maintenance strategy | |
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| References | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Collating data | |
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| Operational planning for maintenance, RCM or CBM | |
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| Asset management | |
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| Reliability and availability in wind farm design | |
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| Prospective costs of energy for offshore wind | |
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| Certification, safety and production | |
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| Future prospects | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix 1: Historical evolution of wind turbines | |
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| Appendix 2: Reliability data collection for the wind industry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Previously developed methods for the wind industry | |
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| Standardising wind turbine taxonomy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Taxonomy guidelines | |
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| Taxonomy structure | |
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| Standardising methods for collecting WT reliability data | |
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| Standardising downtime event recording | |
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| Standardising failure event recording | |
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| Failure terminology | |
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| Failure recording | |
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| Failure location | |
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| Detailed wind turbine taxonomy | |
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| Detailed wind turbine failure terminology | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix 3: WMEP operators report form | |
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| Appendix 4: Commercially available SCADA systems for WTs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| SCADA data | |
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| Commercially available SCADA data analysis tools | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix 5: Commercially available condition monitoring systems for WTs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reliability of wind turbines | |
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| Monitoring of wind turbines | |
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| Commercially available condition monitoring systems | |
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| Future of wind turbine condition monitoring | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix 6: Weather, its influence on offshore wind reliability | |
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| Wind, weather and large WTs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Wind speed | |
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| Wind turbulence | |
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| Wave height and sea condition | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Humidity | |
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| Mathematics to analyse weather influence | |
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| General | |
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| Periodograms | |
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| Cross-correlograms | |
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| Concerns | |
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| Relationships between weather and failure rate | |
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| Wind speed | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Humidity | |
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| Wind turbulence | |
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| Value of this information | |
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| To wind turbine design | |
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| To wind farm operation | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |