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| Modelling, Calculation and Analogy: The Themes of Analogue Computing | |
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| Introduction: Analogue Computers in the History of Computing | |
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| Analogue Computers: Another Class of Computing Technology | |
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| Analogue Computers: A Challenge to Define | |
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| Analogue Computing as Modelling Technology | |
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| Structure of This Book | |
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| Part I: Modelling, Calculation and Analogy: The Themes of Analogue Computing | |
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| Part II: Analogue Computing in Use: A Selection of Contexts | |
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| A Multi-Stranded Chronology of Analogue Computing | |
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| Two Meanings of Analogue: The Tension Between Analogy and Continuity | |
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| Towards a Chronology of Analogue Computing | |
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| First Thematic Time-Line-Mechanising the Calculus: The Story of Continuous Computing Technology | |
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| 1814-1850: Towards the Mechanical Integrator: The Invention and Development of the Planimeter | |
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| 1850-1876: Maxwell, Thomson and Kelvin: The Emergence of the Integrator as a Computing Component | |
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| 1870-1900: The Age of the Continuous Calculating Machine | |
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| 1880-1920: The Integrator Becomes an Embedded Component Initiating Associations Between Control and Calculation | |
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| 1920-1946: The 'Heyday' of Analogue Computing? | |
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| Second Thematic Time-Line-From Analogy to Computation: the Development of Electrical Modelling | |
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| 1845-1920: The Development of Analogy Methods | |
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| 1920-1946: Pre-digital Analogue Modelling | |
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| Third Thematic Time-Line-Analogue Computing and the Entwining of Calculation and Modelling | |
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| 1940: The Emergence of Analogue Computing as a Technical Label and Class of Machine | |
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| 1945-1960: The Development and Stabilisation of Computer Technology | |
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| 1950-1965: The Commercialisation of the Analogue Computer, and the Invention of Hybrid Computing | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Modelling Technology and the History of Analogue Computing | |
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| Modelling: A Variety of Definitions and Associations | |
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| Modelling as a Meta-Narrative for the History of Computing | |
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| Support for Thinking of the Computer as a Modelling Medium | |
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| Theoretical Support for a Modelling Perspective | |
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| Historical Support for a Modelling Perspective | |
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| Analogue Computing as a Technology of Modelling | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Origins of Analogue: Conceptual Association and Entanglement | |
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| The Establishment of 'Forward Analogy': Historical Influences from Electrical Theory | |
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| Modelling with Electricity: Early Use of a Reverse Analogy | |
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| Clifford Nickle and Vannevar Bush: Modelling with the Reverse Analogy | |
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| Establishing a Modelling Medium Based on the Reverse Analogy: The Work of Nickle and Doherty | |
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| Stabilising the Field: Bush's Classification Schemes and Their Enrolling Function | |
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| Positive Association with Computing and Computational Rhetoric | |
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| Formation of an Analogue User Culture | |
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| George Philbrick and Lightning Empiricism: An Exemplar of Analogue Culture | |
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| Simulation Culture and the Transition to Digital | |
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| Digital Languages for Simulating Analogue Computing | |
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| Dis-enrollment of Analogue Computing and the Redefinition of Analogue Culture | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Analogue Computing in Use: A Selection of Contexts | |
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| Analogue Computers in British Higher Education | |
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| Calculation, Modelling, or Control: Three Different Uses, Three Different Histories | |
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| Analogue Research at Manchester: Networks, Tanks, and Hybrid Computing | |
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| Analogue Research at Imperial College: Networks and Tanks as Engineering Tools | |
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| King's College London: Analogue Computing at 'Ultra-High Speed' | |
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| Analogue Computing at Birmingham | |
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| Analogue Computing at the University of Bath: An Example of a Technical College | |
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| The Flowers Report and the Funding of Analogue Computing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Analogue Computers and Oil Reservoir Modelling | |
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| Production Management and the Application of Analogue Computing | |
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| Modelling Hydraulic Pressures with Electricity: William A. Bruce and the Carter Analyser | |
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| Incorporating Repetitive Operation: The Reservoir Analysers Developed by the Sun Oil Company | |
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| The Story of the BP Analogue Computer | |
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| Outsourcing Development to EMI Electronics | |
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| The BP Analyser in Use | |
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| BP and the Analogue-Digital Debate | |
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| Analogue-Digital Issues at the Local Level | |
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| Analogue-Digital Issues at the Corporate Level | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Analogue-Digital Decisions in British Aeronautical Research | |
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| Analogue Computing for Aeronautics | |
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| Soap Film Models as Analogue Computers | |
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| The Electrolytic Tank as a Table-Top Wind Tunnel | |
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| Aerodynamic Calculations, British Aircraft Designers and the ARC Computation Panel | |
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| Tanks Versus Networks | |
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| Deciding Between Analogue and Digital: The Case of Flutter | |
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| Thirty Year Persistence: The Shortcomings of Digitalisation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Analogue Dishpan: Physical Modelling Versus Numerical Calculation in Meteorology | |
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| Computation and the History of Meteorology | |
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| Non-digital Approaches to Meteorology | |
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| Richardson's Forecast Factory and His Suggested Analogue Alternative | |
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| Richardson: Mathematician, Experimentalist, Quaker | |
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| Richardson's Rotating Fluid Experiment and the Tension Between Experiment and Mathematics | |
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| Dave Fultz and the Experimental Tradition of Meteorology | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Three Principal Conclusions | |
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| Multiple Perspectives of Use Informing Multiple Historical Trajectories | |
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| Classifications and Social Associations in the Construction and Deconstruction of Analogue Culture | |
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| Analogue-Digital Debates Were Application Based not Technologically Based | |
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| Challenges for Future Scholarship in the History of Analogue Computing | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |