| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Multilevel Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aggregation and disaggregation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why do we need special multilevel analysis techniques? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel theories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models described in this book | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Basic Two-Level Regression Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| An extended example | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspecting residuals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three- and more-level regression models | |
| |
| |
| |
| A note about notation and software | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in Multilevel Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
| Which estimation method? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Significance testing and confidence intervals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contrasts and constraints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Important Methodological and Statistical Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis strategy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Centering and standardizing explanatory variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpreting interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Group mean centering | |
| |
| |
| |
| How much variance is explained? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analyzing Longitudinal Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed and varying occasions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example with fixed occasions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example with varying occasions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of multilevel analysis for longitudinal data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex covariance structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical issues in longitudinal analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Multilevel Generalized Linear Model for Dichotomous Data and Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized linear models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel generalized linear models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example: Analyzing dichotomous data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example: Analyzing proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The ever changing latent scale: Comparing coefficients and variances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpretation and software issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Multilevel Generalized Linear Model for Categorical and Count Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ordered categorical data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Count data | |
| |
| |
| |
| The ever changing latent scale, again | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel Survival Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Survival analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel survival analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel ordinal survival analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cross-Classified Multilevel Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of cross-classified data: Pupils nested within (primary and secondary schools) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of cross-classified data: (Sociometric ratings) in small groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical and computational issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multivariate Multilevel Regression Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| The multivariate model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of multivariate multilevel analysis: Multiple response variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of multivariate multilevel analysis: Measuring group characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Multilevel Approach to Meta-Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meta-analysis and multilevel modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| The variance-known model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example and comparison with classical meta-analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Correcting for artifacts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multivariate meta-analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical and software issues | |
| |
| |
| Appendix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sample Sizes and Power Analysis in Multilevel Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sample size and accuracy of estimates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimating power in multilevel regression designs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advanced Issues in Estimation and Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The profile likelihood method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Robust standard errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel bootstrapping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bayesian estimation methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel Factor Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| The within and between approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Full maximum likelihood estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| An example of multilevel factor analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standardizing estimates in multilevel structural equation modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Goodness of fit in multilevel structural equation modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notation and software | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel Path Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of a multilevel path analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical and software issues in multilevel factor and path models | |
| |
| |
| Appendix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Latent Curve Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example of latent curve modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| A comparison of multilevel regression analysis and latent curve modeling | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data and Stories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aggregating and Disaggregating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recoding Categorical Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constructing Orthogonal Polynomials | |
| |
| |
| Author Index | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |