Engineering with Rubber : How to Design Rubber Components

Name: Engineering with Rubber : How to Design Rubber Components
Availability: OutOfStock
ISBN: 9781569902998

ISBN-10: 1569902992

ISBN-13: 9781569902998

Edition: 2nd 2000

Authors: Alan N. Gent

List price: $99.95

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Description:

This book provides the beginning engineer with the principles of rubber science and technology: what rubber is, how it behaves, and how to design engineering components with rubber.

Book details

List price: $99.95
Edition: 2nd
Copyright year: 2000
Publisher: Hanser-Gardner Publications
Binding: Hardcover
Size: 6.75" wide x 9.50" long x 0.75" tall
Weight: 1.584
Language: English

Preface	p. v
Introduction	p. 1
Rubber in Engineering	p. 2
Elastomers	p. 2
Dynamic Application	p. 3
General Design Principles	p. 4
Thermal Expansivity, Pressure, and Swelling	p. 4
Specific Applications and Operating Principles	p. 5
Seal Life	p. 8
Seal Friction	p. 8
Acknowledgments	p. 8
References	p. 9
Materials and Compounds	p. 11
Introduction	p. 13
Elastomer Types	p. 13
General-Purpose Elastomers	p. 13
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)	p. 13
Polyisoprene (NR, IR)	p. 14
Polybutadiene (BR)	p. 15
Specialty Elastomers	p. 15
Polychloroprene (CR)	p. 15
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR)	p. 16
Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (HNBR)	p. 16
Butyl Rubber (IIR)	p. 16
Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR, EPDM)	p. 16
Silicone Rubber (MQ)	p. 17
Polysulfide Rubber (T)	p. 17
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)	p. 17
Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM)	p. 17
Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Rubber (AEM)	p. 18
Acrylic Rubber (ACM)	p. 18
Fluorocarbon Rubbers (FKM)	p. 18
Epichlorohydrin Rubber (ECO)	p. 18
Urethane Rubber	p. 18
Compounding	p. 19
Vulcanization and Curing	p. 19
Sulfur Curing	p. 19
Determination of Crosslink Density	p. 21
Influence of Crosslink Density	p. 22
Other Cure Systems	p. 23
Reinforcement	p. 23
Anti-Degradants	p. 25
Ozone Attack	p. 25
Oxidation	p. 26
Process Aids	p. 28
Extenders	p. 28
Tackifiers	p. 29
Typical Rubber Compounds	p. 29
Bibliography	p. 33
Problems	p. 34
Answers	p. 34
Elasticity	p. 35
Introduction	p. 37
Elastic Properties at Small Strains	p. 37
Elastic Constants	p. 37
Relation Between Shear Modulus G and Composition	p. 40
Stiffness of Components	p. 42
Choice of Shear Modulus	p. 42
Shear Deformation of Bonded Blocks and Hollow Cylindrical Tubes	p. 42
Small Compressions or Extensions of Bonded Blocks	p. 44
Maximum Permitted Loads in Tension and Compression	p. 46
Indentation of Rubber Blocks by Rigid Indentors	p. 47
Protrusion of Rubber Through a Hole in a Rigid Plate	p. 49
Large Deformations	p. 50
General Theory of Large Elastic Deformations	p. 50
Stress-Strain Relations in Selected Cases	p. 51
General Relations Between Stress and Strain	p. 51
Simple Extension	p. 51
Evaluation of the Strain Energy Function W	p. 52
Elastic Behavior of Filled Rubber Vulcanizates	p. 54
Equi-Biaxial Stretching	p. 56
Constrained Tension (Pure Shear)	p. 57
Inflation of a Spherical Shell (Balloon)	p. 58
Inflation of a Spherical Cavity	p. 59
Second-Order Stresses	p. 60
Simple Shear	p. 60
Torsion	p. 62
Molecular Theory of Rubber Elasticity	p. 63
Elastic Behavior of a Single Molecular Strand	p. 63
Elasticity of a Molecular Network	p. 64
Effective Density of Network Strands	p. 66
The Second Term in the Strain Energy Function	p. 66
Concluding Remarks on Molecular Theories	p. 68
Acknowledgments	p. 68
References	p. 68
Problems	p. 70
Answers to Selected Problems	p. 70
Dynamic Mechanical Properties	p. 73
Introduction	p. 74
Viscoelasticity	p. 74
Dynamic Experiments	p. 78
Energy Considerations	p. 82
Motion of a Suspended Mass	p. 82
Experimental Techniques	p. 87
Forced Nonresonance Vibration	p. 87
Forced Resonance Vibration	p. 87
Free Vibration Methods	p. 87
Rebound Resilience	p. 87
Effect of Static and Dynamic Strain Levels	p. 88
Application of Dynamic Mechanical Measurements	p. 89
Heat Generation in Rubber Components	p. 89
Vibration Isolation	p. 89
Shock Absorbers	p. 90
Effects of Temperature and Frequency	p. 90
Thixotropic Effects in Filled Rubber Compounds	p. 94
Acknowledgements	p. 96
References	p. 96
Problems	p. 96
Answers	p. 97
Strength	p. 99
Introduction	p. 100
Fracture Mechanics	p. 100
Analysis of the Test Pieces	p. 102
The Strain Energy Concentration at a Crack Tip	p. 103
Tear Behavior	p. 104
Crack Growth Under Repeated Loading	p. 109
The Fatigue Limit and the Effect of Ozone	p. 111
Physical Interpretation of G[subscript 0]	p. 113
Effects of Type of Elastomer and Filler	p. 114
Effect of Oxygen	p. 114
Effects of Frequency and Temperature	p. 116
Nonrelaxing Effects	p. 116
Time-Dependent Failure	p. 117
Ozone Attack	p. 117
Tensile Strength	p. 121
Crack Growth in Shear and Compression	p. 122
Cavitation and Related Failures	p. 125
Conclusions	p. 126
Bibliography	p. 126
Problems	p. 129
Answers	p. 131
Mechanical Fatigue	p. 137
Introduction	p. 139
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Mechanical Fatigue of Rubber	p. 140
Initiation and Propagation of Cracks	p. 142
Fatigue Crack Initiation	p. 142
Fatigue Life and Crack Growth	p. 143
Fatigue Crack Propagation: The Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristic	p. 144
Fatigue Life Determinations from the Crack Growth Characteristics	p. 146
Fatigue Crack Growth Test Methodology	p. 148
Experimental Determination of Dynamic Tearing Energies for Fatigue Fatigue Crack Propagation	p. 148
Kinetics of Crack Growth	p. 149
Effects of Test Variables on Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristics and Dynamic Fatigue Life	p. 150
Waveform	p. 150
Frequency	p. 150
Temperature	p. 150
Static Strain/Stress	p. 152
Material Variables and Their Effect on Fatigue Crack Growth	p. 154
Reinforcing Fillers and Compound Modulus	p. 154
Elastomer Type	p. 156
Vulcanizing System	p. 157
Fatigue and Crack Growth of Rubber under Biaxial Stresses	p. 158
Fatigue in Rubber Composites	p. 159
Effect of Wires, Cords, and Their Spacing on Fatigue Crack Propagation	p. 160
Effect of Minimum Strain or Stress	p. 160
Comparison of S-N Curve and Fatigue Crack Propagation Constants for Rubber-Wire Composites	p. 163
Fatigue of Two-Ply Rubber-Cord Laminates	p. 164
Fatigue Cracking of Rubber in Compression and Shear Applications	p. 165
Crack Growth in Compression	p. 165
Crack Growth in Shear	p. 167
Environmental Effects	p. 168
Modeling and Life Predictions of Elastomeric Components	p. 169
Fatigue Crack Propagation in Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 170
Durability of Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 170
Summary	p. 172
Acknowledgments	p. 173
References	p. 173
Problems	p. 174
Answers	p. 175
Durability	p. 177
Introduction	p. 179
Creep, Stress Relaxation, and Set	p. 180
Creep	p. 181
Stress Relaxation	p. 181
Physical Relaxation	p. 182
Chemical Relaxation	p. 183
Compression Set and Recovery	p. 184
Case Study	p. 185
Longevity of Elastomers in Air	p. 186
Durability at Ambient Temperatures	p. 186
Sunlight and Weathering	p. 186
Ozone Cracking	p. 187
Structural Bearings: Case Studies	p. 187
Natural Rubber Pads on a Rail Viaduct after 100 years of Service	p. 187
Laminated Bridge Bearings after 20 Years of Service	p. 189
Effect of Low Temperatures	p. 192
Glass Transition	p. 192
Crystallization	p. 192
Reversibility of Low Temperature Effects	p. 193
Effect of Elevated Temperatures	p. 193
Effect of Fluid Environments	p. 195
Aqueous Liquids	p. 199
Hydrocarbon Liquids	p. 201
Hydrocarbon and Other Gases	p. 203
Effects of Temperature and Chemical Attack	p. 207
Effect of Radiation	p. 209
Durability of Rubber-Metal Bonds	p. 209
Adhesion Tests	p. 210
Rubber-Metal Adhesive Systems	p. 211
Durability in Salt Water: Role of Electrochemical Potentials	p. 212
Life Prediction Methodology	p. 214
Acknowledgement	p. 217
References	p. 217
Problems	p. 218
Answers	p. 220
Design of Components	p. 223
Introduction	p. 224
Shear and Compression Bearings	p. 226
Planar Sandwich Forms	p. 226
Problem	p. 230
Laminate Bearings	p. 231
Problem	p. 231
Tube Form Bearings and Mountings	p. 233
Problem	p. 233
Problem	p. 236
Effective Shape Factors	p. 237
Vibration and Noise Control	p. 238
Vibration Background Information	p. 239
Design Requirements	p. 241
Sample Problems	p. 241
Problem	p. 241
Problem	p. 245
Problem	p. 246
Practical Design Guidelines	p. 249
Summary and Acknowledgments	p. 250
Nomenclature	p. 251
References	p. 251
Problems for Chapter 8	p. 252
Solutions for Problems for Chapter 8	p. 253
Finite Element Analysis	p. 257
Introduction	p. 259
Material Specification	p. 260
Metal	p. 260
Elastomers	p. 260
Linear	p. 260
Non-Linear	p. 265
Elastomer Material Model Correlation	p. 274
ASTM 412 Tensile Correlation	p. 274
Pure Shear Correlation	p. 274
Bi-Axial Correlation	p. 275
Simple Shear Correlation	p. 276
Terminology and Verification	p. 276
Terminology	p. 276
Types of FEA Models	p. 277
Model Building	p. 278
Modeling Hints for Non-Linear FEA	p. 278
Boundary Conditions	p. 279
Solution	p. 280
Tangent Stiffness	p. 280
Newton-Raphson	p. 281
Non-Linear Material Behavior	p. 281
Visco-Elasticity (See Chapter 4)	p. 281
Model Verification	p. 282
Results	p. 282
Linear Verification	p. 283
Classical Verification - Non-Linear	p. 283
Example Applications	p. 287
Positive Drive Timing Belt	p. 287
Dock Fender	p. 288
Rubber Boot	p. 289
Bumper Design	p. 291
Laminated Bearing	p. 293
Down Hole Packer	p. 297
Bonded Sandwich Mount	p. 297
O-Ring	p. 299
Elastomer Hose Model	p. 301
Sample Belt	p. 301
References	p. 304
Tests and Specifications	p. 307
Introduction	p. 309
Standard Test Methods	p. 309
Purpose of Testing	p. 309
Test Piece Preparation	p. 310
Time Between Vulcanization and Testing	p. 310
Scope of This Chapter	p. 310
Measurement of Design Parameters	p. 311
Young's Modulus	p. 311
Shear Modulus	p. 313
Creep and Stress Relaxation	p. 315
Creep	p. 316
Stress Relaxation	p. 316
Quality Control Tests	p. 317
Hardness	p. 317
Durometer	p. 317
International Rubber Hardness	p. 318
Tensile Properties	p. 319
Compression Set	p. 321
Accelerated Aging	p. 322
Aging in an Air Oven	p. 322
Ozone Cracking	p. 323
Liquid Resistance	p. 324
Factors in Swelling	p. 325
Swelling Tests	p. 325
Adhesion to Rigid Substrates	p. 325
Processability	p. 327
Dynamic Properties	p. 328
Resilience	p. 330
Yerzley Oscillograph	p. 331
Resonant Beam	p. 332
Servohydraulic Testers	p. 333
Electrodynamic Testers	p. 334
Preferred Test Conditions	p. 335
Tests for Tires	p. 335
Bead Unseating Resistance	p. 336
Tire Strength	p. 336
Tire Endurance	p. 338
High Speed Performance	p. 338
Specifications	p. 338
Classification System	p. 339
Type	p. 339
Class	p. 340
Further Description	p. 341
Tolerances	p. 342
Molded Products	p. 342
Extruded Products	p. 344
Load-Deflection Characteristics	p. 345
Rubber Bridge Bearings	p. 345
Function	p. 345
Design Code	p. 346
Materials Specification	p. 347
Pipe Sealing Rings	p. 348
Function	p. 348
Materials	p. 349
Tensile Properties	p. 349
Compression Set	p. 349
Low Temperature Flexibility	p. 350
Oven Aging	p. 350
Oil Resistance	p. 350
Closing Remarks	p. 351
References	p. 351
Problems	p. 353
Answers	p. 354
Tables of Physical Constants	p. 357
Index	p. 361
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