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| Things you Should Know but Probably Forgot | |
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| Basic Definitions | |
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| SI Units | |
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| Dalton's Atomic Theory | |
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| Stoichiometry | |
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| Equivalent Weight | |
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| Amount of Substance: the Mole | |
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| Avogadro's Hypothesis | |
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| Conservation of Mass | |
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| Conservation of Charge | |
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| Atomic Mass Scales | |
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| States of Matter and the Properties of Gases | |
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| The Three States of Matter | |
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| Pressure | |
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| Archimedes' Principle | |
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| Temperature | |
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| The Ideal Gas | |
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| The Ideal Gas Equation of State | |
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| Molar Volumes | |
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| Combined Gas Equation | |
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| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | |
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| Mole Fractions | |
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| Partial Volumes | |
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| The Kinetic Theory of Gases | |
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| Postulates | |
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| Simplified Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law | |
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| The Meaning of Pressure | |
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| The Meaning of Temperature | |
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| Diffusion and Effusion | |
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| The Speeds of Gas Molecules | |
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| Effect of Pressure on Speed | |
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| Distribution of Molecular Speeds | |
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| The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution as an Energy Distribution | |
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| Fraction of Molecules Having E > E' | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Real Gases | |
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| Real Gases | |
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| Isotherms for Real Gases | |
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| Equations of State for Real Gases | |
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| The Virial Equation | |
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| The Van der Waals Equation | |
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| Liquefaction of Gases | |
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| Thermodynamics (I) | |
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| Thermodynamics | |
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| Definitions Used In Thermodynamics | |
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| Work | |
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| PV -Work | |
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| Maximum Work Obtainable from the Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas | |
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| Reversible Processes | |
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| Thermodynamics (II) | |
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| Internal Energy (U ) and the First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| State Functions | |
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| Work and Heat Are Not State Functions | |
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| Q and W Have Algebraic Signs | |
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| Another Look At PV -Work | |
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| Chemical Reaction in a Constant Volume System | |
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| The Heat Capacity of a Single Phase System | |
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| ��U for the Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas | |
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| The Internal Energy of a Monatomic Ideal Gas | |
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| Thermodynamics (III) | |
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| Enthalpy (H ) | |
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| Constant Pressure Processes | |
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| Thermochemistry | |
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| ��H for Fusion (Melting) and Freezing | |
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| ��H for Vaporization and Condensation | |
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| ��H for Sublimation | |
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| Ionization Enthalpies | |
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| Electron Affinities | |
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| Bond Enthalpies | |
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| Thermodynamics (IV) | |
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| The Standard State for Chemical Reactions | |
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| Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation | |
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| Standard Enthalpies of Formation | |
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| Variation of ��H with Temperature at Constant Pressure | |
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| Thermodynamics (V) | |
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| Spontaneous Processes | |
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| Entropy (S ) | |
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| ��S for the Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas | |
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| ��S for a Constant Pressure Heating or Cooling Process | |
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| ��S for a Constant Volume Heating or Cooling Process | |
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| ��S for a Reversible Phase Change | |
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| Whenever a Real Process Takes Place ��Suniv Increases | |
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| Trouton's Rule | |
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| Thermodynamics (VI) | |
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| Absolute Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Dealing With Phase Transitions | |
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| Entropy Changes for Chemical Reactions | |
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| Thermodynamics (VII) | |
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| Gibbs Free Energy (G ) | |
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| Gibbs Free Energy Changes, "Other" Work, and Spontaneity | |
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| Evaluation of ��GT,P ��G° for a Chemical Reaction | |
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| Thermodynamic Stability | |
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| Chemical Equilibrium (I) | |
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| Equilibrium Constants | |
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| The Reaction Quotient (Q ) and Relative Activities (ai ) | |
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| Formulation of Equilibrium Constants | |
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| Molar Free Energies | |
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| ��GR for Chemical Reactions | |
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| Chemical Equilibrium (II) | |
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| Calculations Using Thermodynamic Equilibrium Constants | |
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| Effect of Catalyst on K | |
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| Effect of Temperature on K | |
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| Effect of Pressure on K | |
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| Phase Equilibrium (I) | |
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| Phase Change and Gibbs Free Energy | |
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| Phase Diagram for a Single Pure Substance | |
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| The Phase Rule | |
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| Phase Equilibrium (II) | |
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| Phase Diagram for CO2 | |
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| Phase Diagram for Water | |
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| The Clapeyron Equation | |
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| Phase Diagram for Carbon | |
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| Phase Diagram for Helium | |
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| The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation | |
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| Mixtures | |
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| Expressions for Concentration | |
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| Partial Molar Volumes | |
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| The Chemical Potential () | |
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| The Chemical Potential of a Component in an Ideal Gas Mixture | |
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| More About Activities | |
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| Ideal Liquid Solutions of Volatile Solutes: Raoult's Law | |
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| Ideal Liquid Solutions of Non-Volatile Solutes | |
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| Ideal Liquid Solutions of Two Volatile Liquids | |
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| Real (Non-Ideal) Solutions | |
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| Chemical Potential and Solvent Activity | |
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| Ideal Dilute Solutions of Volatile Solutes: Henry's Law | |
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| The Solubility of Gases | |
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| Distillation | |
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| The Lever Rule | |
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| Liquid-Liquid Phase Diagrams | |
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| Liquid-Solid Phase Diagrams | |
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| Compound Formation | |
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| Colligative Properties | |
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| Colligative Properties | |
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| Vapor Pressure Depression | |
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| Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression | |
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| Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Ionic Equilibrium | |
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| Ionic Equilibrium | |
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| Activities of Dissolved Species in Solution | |
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| Activities and Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes in Solution | |
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| Acids and Bases: The Brønsted-Lowry Concept | |
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| The Self-Dissociation of Water | |
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| Neutral Solutions | |
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| Acid And Base Dissociation | |
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| Acid Dissociation Constants, Ka | |
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| Dissociation of a Weak Acid | |
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| Polyprotic Acid Calculation: Charge and Mass Balances | |
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| Simplified Approach | |
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| Bases and Their Salts | |
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| Weak Bases: B or BOH | |
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| The Salt of a Weak Acid: Hydrolysis | |
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| The Rigorous Method | |
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| The Salt of a Weak Base | |
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| Acid-Base Titrations | |
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| Buffer Solutions | |
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| Buffer Solutions | |
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| Buffer of a Weak Acid and its Salt: HA + NaA | |
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| Rigorous Derivation: HA/NaA Buffer | |
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| Buffer of a Weak Base and Its Salt: BOH + BCl | |
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| Rigorous Expression for BOH/BCl Buffer | |
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| Acid-Base Indicators: HIn | |
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| Solubility Equilibria | |
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| Solubility Equilibria | |
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| Relationship Between KSP and Solubility for Different Salt Types | |
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| Activity Effects and Solubility | |
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| The Common Ion Effect | |
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| Salting In | |
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| Selective Precipitation | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions | |
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| Rules for Assignment of Oxidation Numbers | |
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| Steps for Balancing Redox Reactions | |
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| Electrochemistry | |
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| Half-Reactions, Electrodes, and Electrochemical Cells | |
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| Electrical Work | |
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| Types of Cells | |
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| Liquid Junctions and Salt Bridges | |
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| Equilibrium Voltages | |
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| The Nernst Equation | |
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| Single Electrode Potentials | |
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| Calculation of Equilibrium Cell Voltages from Half-Cell Potentials | |
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| Equilibrium Constants from Cell Voltages | |
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| Thermodynamic Functions from Cell Voltages | |
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| Concentration Cells | |
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| Chemical Reaction Kinetics | |
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| Rates of Reactions: Chemical Kinetics | |
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| Concentration Profiles | |
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| Expression of Reaction Rates | |
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| Differential Rate Laws | |
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| First Order Reactions | |
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| Half-Lives | |
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| Second Order Reactions | |
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| Zeroth Order Reactions | |
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| Experimental Determination of k, m, and n | |
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| Reaction Mechanisms | |
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| The Rate-Determining Step | |
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| Reaction Rates and Equilibrium | |
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| Reaction Intermediates | |
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| Effect of Temperature | |
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| Rates of Ionic Reactions | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Properties of the Elements | |
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| Thermodynamic Data for Selected Gases and Vapors | |
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| Thermodynamic Data for Selected Liquids | |
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| Thermodynamic Data for Selected Solids | |
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| Thermodynamic Data for Selected Aqueous Ions | |
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| Analytical Solution of a Cubic Equation | |
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| The Newton-Raphson Method | |
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| Understanding Basic Integration | |
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| Understanding Logarithms, Exponentials, and the Integral of 1/x | |
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| Standard Reduction Potentials | |
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| Answers to Exercises | |
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| Answers to Problems | |