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Analytic Contents of Research Techniques | |
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Preface | |
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Purpose | |
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Audience | |
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Format | |
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Outline of Chapters | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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About the Author | |
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Preliminary Considerations | |
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The Selection of a Research Approach | |
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The Three Approaches to Research | |
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Three Components Involved in an Approach | |
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Philosophical Worldviews | |
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The Postpositivist Worldview | |
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The Constructivist Worldview | |
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The Transformative Worldview | |
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The Pragmatic Worldview | |
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Research Designs | |
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Quantitative Designs | |
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Qualitative Designs | |
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Mixed Methods Designs | |
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Research Methods | |
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Research Approaches as Worldviews, Designs, and Methods | |
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Criteria for Selecting a Research Approach | |
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The Research Problem and Questions | |
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Personal Experiences | |
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Audience | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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Review of the Literature | |
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The Research Topic | |
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The Literature Review | |
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The Use of the Literature | |
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Design Techniques | |
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Steps in Conducting a Literature Review | |
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Searching Computerized Databases | |
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A Priority for Selecting Literature Material | |
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A Literature Map of the Research | |
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Abstracting Studies | |
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Literature Review Abstract in a Quantitative Study | |
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Literature Review Abstract in a Study Advancing a Typology | |
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Style Manuals | |
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The Definition of Terms | |
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Terms Defined in an Independent Variables Section | |
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Terms Defined in a Mixed Methods Dissertation | |
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A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Literature Review | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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The Use of Theory | |
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Quantitative Theory Use | |
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Variables in Quantitative Research | |
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Definition of a Theory in Quantitative Research | |
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Forms of Theories in Quantitative Research | |
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Placement of Quantitative Theories | |
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Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective | |
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A Quantitative Theory Section | |
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Qualitative Theory Use | |
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Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research | |
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Locating the Theory in Qualitative Research | |
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A Theory Early In a Qualitative Study | |
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A Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study | |
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Mixed Methods Theory Use | |
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Social Science Theory Use | |
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Transformative Paradigm Theory Use | |
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Theory in a Transformative Mixed Methods Study | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations | |
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Writing the Proposal | |
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Arguments Presented in a Proposal | |
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Format for a Qualitative Proposal | |
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A Qualitative Constructivist/Interpretivist Format | |
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A Qualitative Transformative Format | |
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Format for a Quantitative Proposal | |
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A Quantitative Format | |
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Format for a Mixed Methods Proposal | |
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A Mixed Methods Format | |
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Designing the Sections of a Proposal | |
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Writing Ideas | |
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Writing as Thinking | |
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The Habit of Writing | |
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Readability of the Manuscript | |
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An Illustration of the Hook-and-Eye Technique | |
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Voice, Tense, and "Fat" | |
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Ethical Issues to Anticipate | |
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Prior to Beginning the Study | |
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Beginning the Study | |
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Collecting the Data | |
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Analyzing the Data | |
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Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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Designing Research | |
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The Introduction | |
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The Importance of Introductions | |
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An Abstract for a Study | |
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Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions | |
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A Model for an Introduction | |
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An Illustration | |
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The Research Problem | |
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Studies Addressing the Problem | |
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Deficiencies in Past Literature | |
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Deficiencies in the literature-Needed Studies | |
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Deficiencies in the Literature-Few Studies | |
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Significance of a Study for Audiences | |
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Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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The Purpose Statement | |
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Significance and Meaning of a Purpose Statement | |
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A Qualitative Purpose Statement | |
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A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study | |
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A Purpose Statement in a Case Study | |
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A Purpose Statement in an Ethnography | |
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A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study | |
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A Quantitative Purpose Statement | |
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A Purpose Statement in a Published Survey Study | |
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A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study | |
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A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study | |
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A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement | |
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A Convergent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement | |
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An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement | |
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An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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Research Questions and Hypotheses | |
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Qualitative Research Questions | |
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A Qualitative Central Question From an Ethnography | |
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Qualitative Central Questions From a Case Study | |
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Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses | |
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A Null Hypothesis | |
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Directional Hypotheses | |
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Nondirectional and Directional Hypotheses | |
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Standard Use of Language in Hypotheses | |
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A Model for Descriptive Questions and Hypotheses | |
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Descriptive and Inferential Questions | |
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Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses | |
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Hypotheses and Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study | |
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A Mixed Methods Question Written Using Methods and Content Language | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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Quantitative Methods | |
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Defining Surveys and Experiments | |
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Components of a Survey Method Plan | |
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The Survey Design | |
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The Population and Sample | |
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Instrumentation | |
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Variables in the Study | |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation | |
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A Survey Method Section | |
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Components of an Experimental Method Plan | |
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Participants | |
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Variables | |
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Instrumentation and Materials | |
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Experimental Procedures | |
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Pre-Experimental Designs | |
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Quasi-experimental Designs | |
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True Experimental Designs | |
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Single-Subject Designs | |
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Threats to Validity | |
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The Procedure | |
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Data Analysis | |
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Interpreting Results | |
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An Experimental Method Section | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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Qualitative Methods | |
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The Components of Qualitative Methods | |
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The Characteristics of Qualitative Research | |
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Qualitative Designs | |
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The Researcher's Role | |
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Data Collection Procedures | |
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Data Recording Procedures | |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation | |
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Validity and Reliability | |
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Writing the Qualitative Report | |
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Qualitative Procedures | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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Mixed Methods Procedures | |
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Components of Mixed Methods Procedures | |
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Describe Mixed Methods Research | |
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Types of Mixed Methods Designs | |
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Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Design | |
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Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design | |
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Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design | |
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Several Advanced Mixed Methods Designs | |
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Mixed Methods Notation in the Figures | |
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Factors Important in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design | |
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Choice Based on Outcomes Expected | |
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Choice Based on How the Data Wilt Be Used Together (or Integrated) | |
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Choice Based on the Timing of the Data Collection | |
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Choice Based on the Emphasis Placed on Each Database | |
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Choice Based on Type of Design Most Suited for a Field | |
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Choice Based on a Single Researcher or Team | |
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Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures | |
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A Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Design | |
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An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design | |
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An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design | |
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A Transformative Design | |
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Summary | |
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Writing Exercises | |
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Additional Readings | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |