| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is Journalism? How is it Linked to Society? | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Origins of journalism | |
| |
| |
| The journalism-society link: levels of analysis and theoretical perspectives | |
| |
| |
| The main concerns of social theory of journalism | |
| |
| |
| Diversity and diversification of journalism | |
| |
| |
| Journalism and changing technology: implications for society | |
| |
| |
| Defining journalism and the news today | |
| |
| |
| The press as an institution | |
| |
| |
| The 'power of the press' | |
| |
| |
| What society expects from journalism | |
| |
| |
| The self-image of the social role of the press | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: questions to be addressed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Journalistic Responsibility to Society | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Defining journalistic responsibility | |
| |
| |
| Publication and the public interest | |
| |
| |
| The foundations of journalistic obligation | |
| |
| |
| Free press theory | |
| |
| |
| Journalism as meeting essential needs of society | |
| |
| |
| The press as Fourth Estate | |
| |
| |
| The idea of a 'public sphere' | |
| |
| |
| Social responsibility theory | |
| |
| |
| Critical theory | |
| |
| |
| Minority media theory; democratic-participant theory | |
| |
| |
| New movements in journalism | |
| |
| |
| Internet news theory | |
| |
| |
| Looking for a structure in social theory of the press | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles of Journalistic Performance | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Basic publication values affecting the public interest | |
| |
| |
| Truth as a principle | |
| |
| |
| Freedom as a principle | |
| |
| |
| Equality, diversity and solidarity as principles | |
| |
| |
| Order and cohesion as principles for journalism | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Towards a Framework of Analysis for Journalism | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Alternative approaches | |
| |
| |
| On journalism as a profession: a unifying approach | |
| |
| |
| Does journalism have its own 'ideology'? | |
| |
| |
| The occupational roles of journalism | |
| |
| |
| Conflicts and mixed expectations | |
| |
| |
| Demand versus supply of news | |
| |
| |
| Changing goals and types of journalism | |
| |
| |
| If not a profession, at least a 'public occupation'? | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Central Role of Monitor and Messenger | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The main roles or functions of the press | |
| |
| |
| The monitor and messenger role characterised | |
| |
| |
| Objectivity as a guiding principle | |
| |
| |
| Limitations to objectivity | |
| |
| |
| Degrees of purpose and activity in objective news journalism | |
| |
| |
| Tensions internal to the monitorial role | |
| |
| |
| The monitorial role and state power | |
| |
| |
| The monitorial role and democracy | |
| |
| |
| Sources of bias in the monitorial role | |
| |
| |
| 'Media logic' and 'mediatisation' effects on monitoring | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Media Structure, Performance and the 'Power of the Press' | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| What is a media system? | |
| |
| |
| Influences from social structure on media systems | |
| |
| |
| Political factors | |
| |
| |
| Economic factors | |
| |
| |
| Social-cultural influences | |
| |
| |
| Media system influences on journalism | |
| |
| |
| Influences at the level of organisation | |
| |
| |
| The question of press effects on society | |
| |
| |
| Informational effects of news | |
| |
| |
| Persuasion and influence via news | |
| |
| |
| Effects on behaviour in society - individual and collective | |
| |
| |
| In overview: primary determinants of the 'power of the press' | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Accountability of Journalism to Society | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The main issues of regulation and accountability | |
| |
| |
| Journalistic responsibility | |
| |
| |
| The accountability of journalism | |
| |
| |
| Lines of accountability of journalism | |
| |
| |
| Forms of governance and accountability applied to journalism | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of accountability: external | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of accountability: internal | |
| |
| |
| Informal and 'illegitimate' mechanisms of control/accountability | |
| |
| |
| Three frames of accountability relationship | |
| |
| |
| Accountability in overview | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Changing Media Technology: Consequences for Journalism, Press Institution and Relations with Society | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The potential of the internet and other new media | |
| |
| |
| Problematic aspects of media change | |
| |
| |
| Initial signs of change | |
| |
| |
| The internet: liberating promise unfulfilled? | |
| |
| |
| Effects of media change on journalism itself | |
| |
| |
| The future of the press institution | |
| |
| |
| The journalism-society relationship | |
| |
| |
| The question of trust | |
| |
| |
| Consequences for the public sphere | |
| |
| |
| In overview | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Conclusion: Striking a Normative Balance | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| A frame of reference for journalism and society | |
| |
| |
| Normative contexts and choices: different levels of application | |
| |
| |
| Journalism in an information society | |
| |
| |
| The main normative issues of journalism and society in review | |
| |
| |
| Towards a universal normative theory of journalism? | |
| |
| |
| The consequences of ongoing changes in media technology and structure for normative relations between journalism and society | |
| |
| |
| What can be done? Reflections on the chances for better journalism | |
| |
| |
| Last word | |
| |
| |
| Appendix: Selected Documents Relating to Rights and Obligations of News Media | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of international norms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of national legal enactments relating to rights and obligations of the press | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voluntary codes of conduct and ethics adopted by associations of journalism | |
| |
| |
| |
| National regulation of broadcast news | |
| |
| |
| |
| Independent self-regulation of the press at national level | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |