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| About the Author | |
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| Preface | |
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| Orientations | |
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| The Nature of Technology | |
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| Defining Technology | |
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| Technological Advance and the Image of Progress | |
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| Technology as a Metaphor | |
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| Technology and Rationality | |
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| Technological Determinism | |
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| Living in a Technological Society | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Winners and Losers: The Differential Effects of Technological Change | |
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| Technology as a Subversive Force | |
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| The Luddities | |
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| Neo-Luddism | |
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| Whose Technology? | |
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| What Technology Can Do-And What It Cannot Do | |
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| The Technological Fix | |
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| Why Technology Can't Always Fix It | |
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| The Appeal of Technocracy | |
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| The Technocrat's Delusion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Process of Technological Change | |
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| The Sources of Technological Change | |
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| Technological Change as a Social Process | |
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| The Great Breakthrough | |
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| The "D" in R&D | |
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| All Together Now | |
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| Push and Pull | |
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| Belated Demand | |
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| Market Economies and Technological Advance | |
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| Noneconomic Sources of Technological Advance | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Scientific Knowledge and Technological Advance | |
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| The Historical Separation of Science and Technology | |
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| Studies of Contemporary Science-Technology Relationships | |
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| How Technology Differs from Science | |
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| How Technology Stimulates Scientific Discovery | |
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| Indirect Effects of Technology on Scientific Advance | |
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| The Commonalities of Science and Technology | |
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| The Translation of Science into Technology | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Diffusion of Technology | |
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| The International Diffusion of Technology | |
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| Clever Copyists | |
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| Adaptation and Adoption | |
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| Learning to Make Steel in Old Japan | |
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| Appropriate Technology | |
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| Business Firms and Technological Diffusion | |
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| A Risky Business | |
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| The NIH Syndrome | |
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| Efforts to Restrict the Diffusion of Technology | |
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| Patents and the Diffusion of Technology | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| How Technology Affects the Health of the Earth and Its Inhabitants | |
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| Technology, Energy, and the Environment | |
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| Fossil Fuels, Air Pollution, and Climate Change | |
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| A Planet under Stress | |
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| Is Technology the Problem or the Solution? | |
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| Some Technological Fixes of the Past | |
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| Alternatives to Fossil Fuels | |
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| Doing More with Less | |
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| More Miles to the Gallon | |
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| Economic Systems, Government Policies, and the Environment | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Medical Technologies | |
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| New Medical Technologies: Choices and Trade-offs | |
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| The Case of Kidney Dialysis | |
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| Replacing Broken Hearts | |
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| Diagnostic Technologies | |
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| Medical Technologies and Medical Ethics | |
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| New Ways of Making and Sustaining Babies | |
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| When Does Life End? When Should It? | |
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| Halfway Technologies | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Genetic Technologies | |
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| The Genetic Fix | |
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| Discovering Genes and Patenting Them | |
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| Bioengineering on the Farm | |
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| Genetic Mapping and Screening | |
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| Cloning, Present and Future | |
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| Stem Cells and Future Therapies | |
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| The Ethics of Genetic Intervention | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Technology and the Transformation w of Work | |
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| Work in Nonindustrial Societies | |
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| Working with the Earliest Tools | |
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| Work and Leisure in Technologically Primitive Societies | |
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| Work and the Development of Agriculture | |
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| Farming Techniques and Patterns of Work 169 | |
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| The Ironies of Progress | |
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| Artisan and Craft Work | |
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| Guild Organization and Technological Change | |
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| Slavery and the Inhibition of Technological Development | |
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| The Measurement of Time and Changed Working Patterns | |
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| The Clock | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Technology and Jobs: More of One and Less of the Other? | |
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| The Technological Threat in Historical Perspective | |
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| A Case for Optimism | |
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| How Technology Creates Jobs | |
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| The Indirect Effects of New Technologies on Employment | |
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| The Machines Aren't Ready to Take Over | |
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| Technology, Jobs, and the Changing Structure of the Economy | |
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| Technology and the Distribution of Income | |
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| Technology, Globalization, and Jobs | |
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| Rebounding from Job Losses | |
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| Benefits, but Disruption Too | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Technological Change and Life on the Job | |
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| Industrial Production | |
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| Machine-Paced Labor | |
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| Is Technology to Blame? | |
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| Industrial Technology and the Division of Labor | |
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| Scientific Management Once Again | |
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| Industrial Work and Recent Technological Developments | |
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| Technological Change and White-Collar Work | |
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| Telework | |
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| Smart Technologies and Dumb Jobs? | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Communication | |
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| Printing | |
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| The Printing Revolution | |
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| Printing and the Expansion of Knowledge | |
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| Printing and the Rise of Protestantism | |
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| Printing, Literacy, and Social Change | |
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| Psychological Effects of Printing | |
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| Newspapers | |
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| Circulation Wars and the Shaping of Public Opinion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Electronic Media: From the Telegraph to Television | |
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| The Invention of Radio | |
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| The Origins of Commercial Radio | |
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| The Rise of Television | |
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| The Federal Government Steps In | |
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| Problems of Regulation | |
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| The Television-Viewing Public | |
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| Violence on Television and Its Consequences | |
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| Delivering the News | |
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| Television and Politics | |
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| Television and Thought | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Internet Age | |
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| The Birth and Growth of the Internet | |
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| E-Mail and the Network Effect | |
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| Mobile Communications | |
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| More Digital Connections: Social Networks | |
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| Social Media and Social Movements | |
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| Video Games | |
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| The Digital Divide | |
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| Intellectual Property | |
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| Privacy in the Digital Age | |
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| The Electronic Media in Modern Society | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Tools of Destruction | |
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| Weapons and Their Consequences | |
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| Military Technology in the Ancient World | |
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| Military Technology and the Feudal Order | |
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| New Weapons and the Decline of Feudalism | |
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| The Gunpowder Revolution | |
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| War and the Centralized State | |
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| Technological Change and Naval Culture in the Era of the Battleship | |
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| Weapons and the Making of the Modern World | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Era of Smart Weapons | |
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| Cruise Missiles | |
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| Smart Bombs | |
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| High-Tech Surveillance | |
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| Drones | |
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| The Cost of Technological Sophistication | |
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| Asymmetrical Warfare | |
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| Technology and Terrorism | |
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| Cyberterrorism and Cyberattacks | |
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| Military Technologies in a Changing World | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| How New Weapons Emerge-And How They May Be Contained | |
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| Action and Reaction | |
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| Social Structure and the Development of Military Technologies | |
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| Organizational Interests and the Air Weapon | |
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| Social Revolution and the Enlargement of War | |
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| Industrial Technology in the Service of War | |
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| Controlling Military Technologies | |
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| Historical Attempts to Limit New Weapons | |
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| A Successful Example of Arms Control | |
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| Gun Control in Old Japan | |
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| The Control of Nuclear Weapons | |
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| Deterrence, but No More | |
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| The Perils of Proliferation | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Shaping and Control of Technology | |
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| Technology and Its Creators: Who's in Charge of Whom? | |
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| Technological Advance and Cultural Lag | |
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| Technology, Globalization, and Cultural Convergence | |
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| Experts, Expertise, and the Shaping of Technology | |
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| Engineers and the Control of Technology 358 Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Organizations and Technological Change | |
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| Technology as a Cause of Organizational Structure | |
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| Technology as a Consequence of Organizational Structure | |
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| Organizations and New Information Technologies | |
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| Interorganizational Relations and Technological Development | |
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| Organizations and Technological Innovation | |
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| Entrepreneurs and Organizations | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Governing Technology | |
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| Government Actions and the Shaping of Technology | |
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| But Is It Really Necessary? | |
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| Government Institutions for the Guidance of Technology | |
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| Processes | |
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| The Democratic Control of Technology | |
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| The Challenges of the Future | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |