| |
| |
| |
Molecules, Cells, and Evolution | |
| |
| |
| |
The Molecules of Life | |
| |
| |
| |
Genomes, Cell Architecture, and Cell Function | |
| |
| |
| |
Cells into Tissues-Unicellular and Metazoan Organisms Used for Molecular Cell Biology Investigations | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical Foundations | |
| |
| |
| |
Covalent Bonds and Noncovalent Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical Building Blocks of Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical Reactions and Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| |
Biochemical Energetics | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein Structure and Function | |
| |
| |
| |
Hierarchical Structure of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein Folding | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein Binding and Enzyme Catalysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulating Protein Function | |
| |
| |
| |
Purifying, Detecting, and Characterizing Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Proteomics | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Molecular Genetic Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure of Nucleic Acids | |
| |
| |
| |
Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes and Formation of Functional mRNA | |
| |
| |
| |
The Decoding of mRNA by tRNAs | |
| |
| |
| |
Stepwise Synthesis of Proteins on Ribosomes | |
| |
| |
| |
DNA Replication | |
| |
| |
| |
DNA Repair and Recombination | |
| |
| |
| |
Viruses: Parasites of the Cellular Genetic System | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Genetic Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Genetic Analysis of Mutations to Identify and Study Genes | |
| |
| |
| |
DNA Cloning and Characterization | |
| |
| |
| |
Using Cloned DNA Fragments to Study Gene Expression | |
| |
| |
| |
Locating and Identifying Human Disease Genes | |
| |
| |
| |
Inactivating the Function of Specific Genes in Eukaryotes | |
| |
| |
| |
Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Eukaryotic Gene Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
Chromosomal Organization of Genes and Noncoding DNA | |
| |
| |
| |
Transposable (Mobile) DNA Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
Organelle DNAs | |
| |
| |
| |
Genomics: Genome-wide Analysis of Gene Structure and Expression | |
| |
| |
| |
Structural Organization of Eukaryotic Chromosomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Morphology and Functional Elements of Eukaryotic Chromosomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Control | |
| |
| |
| |
RNA Polymerase II and the General Transcription Factors Required for Initiation | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulatory Sequences in Protein-Coding Genes and the Proteins Through Which They Function | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Repression and Activation | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulation of Transcription-Factor Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
Epigenetic Regulation of Transcription | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Eukaryotic Transcription Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Post-Transcriptional Gene Control | |
| |
| |
| |
Processing of Eukaryotic Pre-mRNA | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulation of Pre-mRNA Processing | |
| |
| |
| |
Transport of mRNA Across the Nuclear Envelope | |
| |
| |
| |
Cytoplasmic Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Control | |
| |
| |
| |
Processing of rRNA and tRNA | |
| |
| |
| |
Culturing, Visualizing, and Perturbing Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Growing Cells in Culture | |
| |
| |
| |
Light Microscopy: Exploring Cell Structure and Visualizing Proteins within Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Electron Microscopy: High-Resolution Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
Isolation and Characterization of Cell Organelles | |
| |
| |
| |
Perturbing Specific Cell Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
Biomembrane Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
The Phospholipid Bilayer: Composition and Structural Organization | |
| |
| |
| |
Membrane Proteins: Structure and Basic Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, and Cholesterol: Synthesis and Intracellular Movements | |
| |
| |
| |
Transmembrane Transport of Ions and Small Molecules | |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of Transmembrane Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
Facilitated Transport of Glucose and Water | |
| |
| |
| |
ATP-Powered Pumps and the Intracellular Ionic Environment | |
| |
| |
| |
Nongated Ion Channels and the Resting Membrane Potential | |
| |
| |
| |
Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters | |
| |
| |
| |
Transcellular Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
Cellular Energetics | |
| |
| |
| |
First Step of Harvesting Energy from Glucose: Glycolysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Mitochondria and the Citric Acid Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
The Electron Transport Chain and Generation of the Proton-Motive Force | |
| |
| |
| |
Harnessing the Proton-Motive Force to Synthesize ATP | |
| |
| |
| |
Photosynthesis and Light-Absorbing Pigments | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Analysis of Photosystems | |
| |
| |
| |
CO2 Metabolism During Photosynthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
Moving Proteins Into Membranes and Organelles | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Insertion of Membrane Proteins into the ER | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein Modifications, Folding, and Quality Control in the ER | |
| |
| |
| |
Targeting of Proteins to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts | |
| |
| |
| |
Targeting of Peroxisomal Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Transport into and out of the Nucleus | |
| |
| |
| |
Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Techniques for Studying the Secretory Pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Mechanisms of Vesicular Budding and Fusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Stages of the Secretory Pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
Later Stages of the Secretory Pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Directing Membrane Proteins and Cytosolic Materials to the Lysosome | |
| |
| |
| |
Signal Transduction and G Protein-Coupled Receptors | |
| |
| |
| |
Signal Transduction: From Extracellular Signal to Cellular Response | |
| |
| |
| |
Studying Cell-Surface Receptors and Signal Transduction Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Structure and Mechanism | |
| |
| |
| |
G Protein-Coupled Receptors That Regulate Ion Channels | |
| |
| |
| |
G Protein-Coupled Receptors That Activate or Inhibit Adenylyl Cyclase | |
| |
| |
| |
G Protein-Coupled Receptors That Trigger Elevations in Cytosolic Ca2+ | |
| |
| |
| |
Signaling Pathways That Control Gene Expression | |
| |
| |
| |
Receptors That Activate Protein Tyrosine Kinases | |
| |
| |
| |
The Ras/MAP Kinase Pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
Phosphoinositide Signaling Pathways | |
| |
| |
| |
Receptor Serine Kinases That Activate Smads | |
| |
| |
| |
Signaling Pathways Controlled by Ubiquitination: Wnt, Hedgehog, and NF-kB | |
| |
| |
| |
Signaling Pathways Controlled by Protein Cleavage: Notch/Delta, SREBP | |
| |
| |
| |
Integration of Cellular Responses to Multiple Signaling Pathways | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell Organization and Movement I: Microfilaments | |
| |
| |
| |
Microfilaments and Actin Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Dynamics of Actin Filaments | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanisms of Actin Filament Assembly | |
| |
| |
| |
Organization of Actin-Based Cellular Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Myosins: Actin-Based Motor Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Myosin-Powered Movements | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell Migration: Mechanism, Signaling and Chemotaxis | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell Organization and Movement II: Microtubules and Intermediate Filaments | |
| |
| |
| |
Microtubule Structure and Organization | |
| |
| |
| |
Microtubule Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulation of Microtubule Structure and Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
Kinesins and Dyneins: Microtubule-Based Motor Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Cilia and Flagella: Microtubule-Based Surface Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Mitosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Intermediate Filaments | |
| |
| |
| |
Coordination and Cooperation between Cytoskeletal Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of the Cell Cycle and its Control | |
| |
| |
| |
Model Organisms and Methods to Study the Cell Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulation of CDK Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
Commitment to the Cell Cycle and DNA Replication | |
| |
| |
| |
Entry into Mitosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Completion of Mitosis: Chromosome Segregation and Exit from Mitosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Surveillance Mechanisms in Cell Cycle Regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Meiosis: A Special Type of Cell Division | |
| |
| |
| |
Integrating Cells Into Tissues | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Adhesion: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell-Cell and Cell-ECM Junctions and Their Adhesion Molecules | |
| |
| |
| |
The Extracellular Matrix I: The Basal Lamina | |
| |
| |
| |
The Extracellular Matrix II: Connective Tissue | |
| |
| |
| |
Adhesive Interactions in Motile and Nonmotile Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Plant Tissues | |
| |
| |
| |
Stem Cells, Cell Asymmetry, and Cell Death | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Metazoan Development and Embryonic Stem Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Stem Cells and Niches in Multicellular Organisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulation of Asymmetric Cell Division | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell Death and Its Regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Nerve Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Neurons and Glia: Building Blocks of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels and the Propagation of Action Potentials | |
| |
| |
| |
Communication at Synapses | |
| |
| |
| |
Sensing the Environment: Touch, Pain, Taste, and Smell | |
| |
| |
| |
Immunology | |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of Host Defenses | |
| |
| |
| |
Immunoglobulins: Structure and Function | |
| |
| |
| |
Generation of Antibody Diversity and B-Cell Development | |
| |
| |
| |
The MHC and Antigen Presentation | |
| |
| |
| |
T Cells, T-Cell Receptors, and T-Cell Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Collaboration of Immune-System Cells in the Adaptive Response | |
| |
| |
| |
Cancer | |
| |
| |
| |
Tumor Cells and the Onset of Cancer | |
| |
| |
| |
The Genetic Basis of Cancer | |
| |
| |
| |
Cancer and the Misregulation of Growth Regulatory Pathways | |
| |
| |
| |
Cancer and Mutation of Cell Division and Checkpoint Regulators | |
| |
| |
| |
Carcinogens and Caretaker Genes in Cancer | |