Contributor contact details | p. ix |
An analysis of welding process monitoring and control | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Welding process as a system | p. 1 |
Welding process as a complex system | p. 4 |
Welding process as an uncertain system | p. 6 |
Monitoring of welding processes | p. 7 |
Overview of the book | p. 10 |
References | p. 11 |
Monitoring technologies | p. 13 |
Arc sensors in weld monitoring | p. 15 |
Introduction | p. 15 |
Background | p. 15 |
Non-consumable electrode processes | p. 20 |
Consumable electrode processes | p. 25 |
Power supply considerations | p. 31 |
Signal processing and control approaches | p. 36 |
Future trends | p. 39 |
Sources of further information and advice | p. 41 |
List of symbols and abbreviations | p. 41 |
References | p. 43 |
Optical sensors in welding | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 45 |
Knowledge of optics | p. 46 |
Optical sensor component | p. 52 |
Optical sensing system | p. 62 |
Application of optical sensors | p. 69 |
References | p. 72 |
Infrared sensors in welding | p. 74 |
Introduction | p. 74 |
Theory of infrared sensors | p. 74 |
Measurement of weld temperature distribution | p. 80 |
Infrared sensors for real-time weld quality control | p. 82 |
Summary | p. 99 |
References | p. 99 |
Ultrasonic sensors in welding | p. 104 |
Introduction | p. 104 |
Principles of ultrasonic sensing | p. 105 |
Ultrasonic techniques and their applications | p. 110 |
Future trends | p. 122 |
Summary | p. 123 |
Sources of further information and advice | p. 124 |
References | p. 124 |
Monitoring of welding processes | p. 129 |
Weld seam monitoring | p. 131 |
Introduction | p. 131 |
Methods of weld seam monitoring | p. 131 |
Through-arc monitoring of weld seams in gas metal arc welding | p. 132 |
Electromagnetic monitoring of weld seams in gas metal arc welding | p. 150 |
Laser visual monitoring of weld seams in gas metal arc welding | p. 152 |
References | p. 162 |
Weld profile monitoring | p. 164 |
Necessity for weld profile measurement | p. 164 |
Outline of weld profile | p. 165 |
Surface shaping defects | p. 170 |
Automatic detection of weld profile | p. 172 |
References | p. 184 |
Weld penetration monitoring | p. 186 |
Introduction | p. 186 |
Weld pool oscillation sensor | p. 187 |
Infrared sensor | p. 191 |
Ultrasonic sensor | p. 193 |
Vision-based sensor | p. 195 |
Weld pool sag depression | p. 196 |
Plasma charge-based sensors | p. 199 |
Weld penetration control using sensor feedback | p. 205 |
Summary | p. 209 |
References | p. 211 |
Weld pool surface monitoring | p. 213 |
Vision-based sensing 2D surface geometry of weld pool in gas tungsten arc welding | p. 213 |
Sensing 2D weld pool boundary in gas metal arc welding | p. 217 |
Modeling and simulation of weld pool surface | p. 220 |
Sensing 3D weld pool surface using specular reflection | p. 229 |
Improvement on observation of dynamic 3D weld pool surface | p. 232 |
References | p. 236 |
Monitoring resistance welding | p. 238 |
Introduction | p. 238 |
Resistance spot welding systems, weld formation and signals | p. 239 |
Real-time process monitoring and control | p. 245 |
Future trends | p. 255 |
Sources of further information and advice | p. 258 |
Acknowledgment | p. 258 |
References | p. 258 |
Monitoring laser welding | p. 260 |
Introduction | p. 260 |
Principles of laser welding | p. 260 |
Optical sensing | p. 263 |
Frequency analyses of acoustic and optical emissions | p. 274 |
Smart systems | p. 278 |
Other systems and future trends | p. 280 |
References | p. 284 |
Index | p. 289 |
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