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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production | |
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Basic Unit: The Structural Mechanisms and Processes of Speech Production | |
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Overview | |
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Respiratory Mechanism | |
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Phonatory Mechanism | |
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Resonatory Mechanism | |
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Articulatory Mechanism | |
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Auditory Mechanism | |
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Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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Advanced Unit: The Neuroanatomical Bases of Speech Production | |
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Overview | |
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Major Divisions of the Nervous System | |
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Central Nervous System | |
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Peripheral Nervous System | |
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Integrating the Systems: Neuromotor Control of Speech | |
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Theories or Models of Speech Production | |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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Perspectives in Articulation and Phonology | |
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Basic Unit: Basic Perspectives in Articulation and Phonology | |
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Phonetics | |
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Quick Review of the Speech Production Mechanism | |
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Phoneme Classification | |
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Speech Production: A Dynamic Human Behavior | |
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Phonological Rules of a Language | |
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Phonological Processes | |
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Clinical Distinction Between Articulation and Phonology | |
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Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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Advanced Unit: Advanced Perspectives in Articulation and Phonology | |
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Aerodynamic Aspects of Speech | |
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Acoustic Aspects of Speech | |
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Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech | |
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Selected Phonological Theories | |
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The Goals of Phonological Theories | |
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Theory of Naturalness and Markedness | |
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Linear Versus Nonlinear Phonological Theories | |
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Metric Theory | |
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Feature Geometry | |
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Optimality Theory | |
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Phonetic Versus Phonological Theories | |
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Evaluation of Phonological Theories | |
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The Clinician and the Theoretician | |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills | |
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Basic Unit: Normal Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills from Infancy Through the Early School Years | |
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Prelinguistic Development | |
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Transition from Babbling to Meaningful Speech | |
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Development of Meaningful Speech: The First Real Words | |
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Development of the Sound System | |
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Development of Phonological Patterns | |
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Speech Intelligibility | |
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Development in the School Years: Phonological Awareness | |
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Bilingual and Ethnocultural Variables in the Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills | |
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Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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Advanced Unit: Theoretical Issues in Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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Methodological and Theoretical Issues in Speech Perception and Discrimination Research | |
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Theories of Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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Concluding Comments on Theoretical Differences | |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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Variables Related to Articulation and Phonological Development and Performance | |
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Basic Unit: Variables Related to Articulation and Phonological Development and Performance | |
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Anatomic, Neurological, and Physiological Variables | |
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Motor Skills | |
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Sensory Variables | |
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Language Skills | |
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Personal Characteristics | |
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Familial Prevalence | |
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Tongue Thrust | |
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Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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Advanced Unit: Research on Variables Related to Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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Logical and Conceptual Problems | |
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Methodological Issues | |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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Ethnocultural Variables Affecting Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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Basic Unit: Ethnocultural Variables of Articulation and Phonological Development | |
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African American English | |
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Native American Languages | |
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Spanish Language | |
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Asian and Pacific Islander Languages | |
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Guidelines on Working with Children Who Have Dual Phonological Repertoire | |
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Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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Advanced Unit: Theoretical and Clinical Issues in Bilingual Phonology | |
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Theoretical Issues in Bilingual Phonology | |
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Clinical Issues in Bilingual Phonology | |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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Assessment of Articulation and Phonological Disorders | |
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Basic Unit: General Assessment Procedures for Articulation and Phonological Disorders | |
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Overview of Assessment | |
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Assessment Procedures | |
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Taking a Case History | |
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Performing an Orofacial Examination | |
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Conducting a Hearing Screening | |
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Administering Standardized Tests | |
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Evoking a Connected Speech Sample | |
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Conducting Stimulability Testing | |
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Performing Contextual Testing | |
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Testing Speech Discrimination | |
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Analyzing and Interpreting the Assessment Information | |
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Making a Diagnosis | |
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Determining the Prognosis for Improvement | |
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Making Treatment Recommendations | |
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Conducting the Final Interview | |
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Writing a Diagnostic Report | |
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Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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Advanced Unit: Description and Assessment of Organic and Neurogenic Speech Disorders | |
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Apraxia of Speech | |
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Dysarthria | |
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Cerebral Palsy | |
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Cleft Lip and Palate | |
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Hearing Impairment | |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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Specific Treatment Approaches | |
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How Different Are the Varied Treatment Approaches? | |
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Traditional Approach | |
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Sensory-Motor Approach | |
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Multiple-Phoneme Approach | |
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Paired-Stimuli Approach | |
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Programmed Conditioning for Articulation | |
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Distinctive Feature Approach | |
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Cycles Approach | |
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Phonological Contrast Approaches | |
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Language Treatment for Phonological Disorders | |
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The Question of Oral-Motor Exercises | |
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Summary | |
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A Comprehensive and Evidence-Based Treatment Program | |
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Basic Unit: Treatment Principles and Procedures | |
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Selecting Potential Target Behaviors | |
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Deciding on the Number of Sounds or Patterns to Teach | |
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Establishing Baselines | |
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Selecting the Initial Level and Sequence of Training | |
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Developing Measurable Objectives | |
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Planning and Developing a Treatment Program | |
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Establishing the Motor Production of Sounds | |
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Increasing and Strengthening Established Behaviors | |
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Reducing Undesirable Behaviors | |
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Structuring the Treatment Sessions | |
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Probing for Generalized Responses | |
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Implementing a Maintenance Program | |
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Dismissing the Client from Therapy, Performing Follow-Up Assessments, and Providing Booster Therapy | |
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Assessing and Treating Phonological Awareness | |
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Summary of the Basic Unit | |
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Advanced Unit: Treatment of Organic and Neurogenic Speech Disorders | |
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Childhood Apraxia of Speech | |
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Dysarthria in Children | |
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Cerebral Palsy | |
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Cleft Palate | |
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Hearing Impairment | |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit | |
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Muscles and Nerves Involved in the Production of English Consonants | |
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The International Phonetic Alphabet | |
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Definition of Other Phonological Processes | |
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Sample Diagnostic Reports | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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About the Authors | |