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| Preface | |
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| List of Abbreviations | |
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| The Metabolic Syndrome: A Relevant Concept? | |
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| Mitochondria | |
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| Background | |
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| Cellular respiration | |
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| Modulation of mitochondrial metabolic activity | |
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| Factors that affect mitochondrial number and activity | |
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| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 | |
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| Mitochondrial production of prooxidant species | |
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| Mitochondria and nitric oxide | |
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| Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis | |
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| The mitochondrial permeability transition | |
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| Apoptosis | |
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| Causes for mitochondrial dysfunction | |
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| Implications of mitochondrial dysfunction | |
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| Mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease | |
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| Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disease | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Telomeres | |
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| Telomere structure | |
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| Telomere function | |
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| Telomere shortening | |
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| Telomere dysfunction | |
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| Physiologic age | |
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| Gender differences | |
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| Telomerase | |
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| Cell senescence and apoptosis | |
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| Telomeres in aging | |
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| Risk factors for cardiometabolic disease | |
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| Telomeres� senescence� and chronic disease | |
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| Cardiovascular disease | |
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| Insulin resistance and type 2 DM | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The FoxO Transcription Factors and Sirtuins | |
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| Forkhead transcription factors | |
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| Functions of FoxO | |
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| Cardiovascular forkhead effects | |
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| Metabolic forkhead effects | |
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| Histone acetylation and deacetylation | |
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| Sirtuin deacetylases | |
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| Sirtuin regulation | |
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| Antiinflammatory� cardiovascular� and myocyte sirtuin effects | |
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| Sirtuin effects on metabolism | |
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| Sirtuins and cell longevity | |
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| Forkhead deregulation and insulin resistance | |
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| Paradoxical effect of nutrition versus stress on cell death suppression | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor | |
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| Anabolism and catabolism | |
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| Control of plasma glucose | |
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| Insulin | |
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| Insulin receptor location | |
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| Metabolic insulin signaling | |
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| Insulin-mediated glucose uptake | |
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| Nutrient storage and metabolism | |
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| Vascular and antiinflammatory effects | |
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| Mitogenic action | |
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| Insulin-like growth factor | |
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| Insulin and IGF impact on cell longevity | |
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| Amylin | |
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| Glucagon | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Oxidative Stress | |
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| Free radicals | |
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| Oxidases | |
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| Sources for free radicals | |
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| Endogenous antioxidants | |
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| Physiologic functions of oxidative stress | |
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| Mechanisms of oxidative damage | |
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| Cellular stress-sensitive pathways | |
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| Cellular targets of oxidative stress | |
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| Oxidative stress-related diseases | |
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| Endothelial dysfunction with oxidative stress | |
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| Cardiovascular disease | |
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| Insulin resistance and type 2 DM | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Mental Stress | |
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| Stress responses | |
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| Central stress pathways | |
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| Peripheral stress pathways | |
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| Fight-flight-fright responses to acute stress | |
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| Sequelae of sustained passive stress | |
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| Inflammatory effects of stress pathways | |
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| Vascular and lipoprotein effects of stress pathways | |
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| Stress impact on body weight | |
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| Metabolic effects of stress pathways | |
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| Depression and other mood disturbances | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Sleep | |
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| Stages of sleep | |
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| Cardiovascular parameters during normal sleep | |
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| Function of sleep | |
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| Sleep duration | |
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| Circadian rhythm | |
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| Examples of circadian regulation | |
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| Neurohormonal modulation of wakefulness | |
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| Neurohormonal modulation of sleep | |
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| Sleep-arousal transitions | |
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| Sleep deficit | |
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| Pathophysiologic effects of sleep debt | |
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| Sleep debt and risk of cardiometabolic disorder | |
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| Sleep disorders | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Inflammation | |
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| Immune responses | |
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| Selected participants in the inflammatory response | |
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| C-reactive protein | |
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| The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inflammation | |
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| Inflammation and chronic diseases | |
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| Inflammation� endothelial and vascular dysfunction | |
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| Inflammation and atherosclerosis | |
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| Acute inflammation� carbohydrate metabolism� and dyslipidemia | |
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| Chronic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome | |
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| Causes for systemic inflammation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Adipose Tissue and Overweight | |
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| Energy storage | |
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| Diverse fat depots | |
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| Adipose tissue as immune organ | |
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| Adipose tissue as endocrine organ | |
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| Adipokines with beneficial cardiometabolic effect | |
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| Adipokines with detrimental cardiometabolic effect | |
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| Obesity comorbidities and cardiovascular disease | |
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| Obesity� insulin resistance� and diabetes | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Weight Loss and Diet | |
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| Homeostatic responses to weight gain and weight loss | |
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| Adipose weight loss effects | |
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| Antiinflammatory� vasculoprotective� and metabolic effects of weight loss | |
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| Dietary intervention for weight loss | |
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| Calorie restriction | |
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| Surgical intervention | |
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| Diet | |
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| Exercise as adjunct to weight loss | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Skeletal Muscle and Exercise | |
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| Myocyte structure and function | |
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| Metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle | |
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| Energy sensors | |
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| Skeletal muscle in inflammation | |
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| Skeletal muscle in insulin resistance | |
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| Exercise effect on inflammation and oxidative stress | |
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| Exercise effect on metabolism in obesity | |
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| Exercise effect and cardiovascular health | |
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| Exercise and insulin resistance | |
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| Exercise and mortality | |
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| Exercise recommendation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Lipids� Atherogenic Dyslipidemia� and Therapy | |
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| Apolipoproteins | |
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| Lipoproteins | |
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| Apo A-containing lipoproteins | |
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| Apo B-containing lipoproteins | |
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| Apolipoproteins C� D� and E | |
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| The triglyceride lipase family | |
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| The normal metabolism of free fatty acids | |
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| Inflammation and hepatic insulin resistance | |
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| Atherogenic dyslipidemia in insulin resistance | |
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| Lipid-lowering therapy | |
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| The HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | |
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| Nicotinic acid | |
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| The fibric acid derivatives | |
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| Bile acid sequestrants | |
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| Ezetimibe | |
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| CETP inhibition | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Endothelium� Cardiovascular Disease� and Therapy | |
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| Endothelial function | |
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| Nitric oxide synthase and eNOS | |
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| Endothelial NO synthesis | |
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| Specific enhancers of NO synthesis | |
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| Functions of nitric oxide | |
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| Shear stress and vascular function | |
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| Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction | |
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| Insulin� insulin resistance� and endothelial dysfunction | |
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| Implications of endothelial dysfunction | |
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| Assessment of endothelial function | |
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| Hypertension | |
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| Cardiomyopathy | |
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| Coronary and peripheral vascular disease | |
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| Pharmacologic antagonism of the� renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelin-1 | |
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| Beta-adrenergic blockade | |
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| Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Insulin Resistance� Metabolic Syndrome� and Therapy | |
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| Diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome | |
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| Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome | |
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| Insulin resistance | |
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| Causes of insulin resistance | |
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| Pathways toward insulin resistance | |
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| Pharmacologic therapy to improve insulin sensitivity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |