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Preface | |
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Single-species populations | |
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Density-independent growth | |
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Introduction | |
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Fundamentals of population growth | |
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Types of models | |
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Density-independent versus density-dependent growth | |
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Discrete or "geometric" growth in populations with non-overlapping generations | |
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Exponential growth in populations with overlapping generations | |
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Exponential growth in an invasive species | |
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Applications to human populations | |
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The finite rate of increase ([lambda]) and the intrinsic rate of increase (r) | |
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Stochastic models of population growth and population viability analysis | |
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Conclusions | |
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Density-dependent growth and intraspecific competition | |
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Introduction | |
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Density dependence in populations with discrete generations | |
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Density dependence in populations with overlapping generations | |
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Nonlinear density dependence of birth and death rates and the Allee effect | |
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Time lags and limit cycles | |
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Chaos and behavior of the discrete logistic model | |
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Adding stochasticity to density-dependent models | |
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Laboratory and field data | |
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Behavioral aspects of intraspecific competition | |
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Conclusions | |
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Population regulation | |
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Introduction | |
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What is population regulation? | |
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Combining density-dependent and density-independent factors | |
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Tests of density dependence | |
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Conclusions | |
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Populations with age structures | |
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Introduction | |
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Survivorship | |
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Fertility | |
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Mortality curves | |
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Expectation of life | |
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Net reproductive rate, generation time, and the intrinsic rate of increase | |
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Age structure and the stable age distribution | |
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Projecting population growth in age-structured populations | |
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The Leslie or population projection matrix | |
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A second version of the Leslie matrix | |
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The Lefkovitch modification of the Leslie matrix | |
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Dominant latent roots and the characteristic equation | |
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Reproductive value | |
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Conclusions: sensitivity analysis | |
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Metapopulation ecology | |
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Introduction | |
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Metapopulations and spatial ecology | |
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MacArthur and Wilson and the equilibrium theory | |
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The Levins or classical metapopulation | |
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Extinction in metapopulations | |
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Metapopulation dynamics of two local populations | |
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Source-sink metapopulations and the rescue effect | |
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Non-equilibrium and patchy metapopulations | |
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Spatially realistic models | |
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Minimum viable metapopulation size | |
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Assumptions and evidence for the existence of metapopulations in nature | |
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Conclusions | |
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Life-history strategies | |
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Introduction | |
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Power laws | |
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The metabolic theory of ecology | |
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Cole and Lewontin | |
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The theory of r- and K-selection | |
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Cost of reproduction and allocation of energy | |
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Clutch size | |
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Latitudinal gradients in clutch size | |
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Predation and its effects on life-history characteristics | |
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Bet hedging | |
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The Grime general model for three evolutionary strategies in plants | |
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Conclusions | |
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Interspecific interactions | |
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Interspecific competition | |
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Introduction | |
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Interspecific competition: early experiments and the competitive-exclusion principle | |
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The Lotka-Volterra competition equations | |
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Laboratory experiments and competition | |
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Resource-based competition theory | |
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Spatial competition and the competition-colonization trade-off | |
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Evidence for competition from nature | |
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Indirect evidence for competition and "natural experiments" | |
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Conclusions | |
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Mutualism | |
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Introduction | |
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Modeling mutualism | |
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Conclusions: the costs of mutualism | |
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Host-parasite interactions | |
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Introduction | |
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Factors affecting microparasite population biology | |
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Modeling host-microparasite interactions | |
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Dynamics of the disease | |
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Immunization | |
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Endangered metapopulations and disease | |
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Social parasites | |
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Conclusions | |
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Predator-prey interactions | |
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Introduction | |
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The Lotka-Volterra equations | |
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Early tests of the Lotka-Volterra models | |
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Functional responses | |
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Adding prey density dependence and the type II and III functional responses to the Lotka-Volterra equations | |
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The graphical analyses of Rosenzweig and MacArthur | |
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Use of a half-saturation constant in predator-prey interactions | |
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Parasitoid-host interactions and the Nicholson-Bailey models | |
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Predator-prey interactions in practice: field studies | |
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Trophic cascades | |
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The dangers of a predatory lifestyle | |
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Escape from predation | |
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Conclusions | |
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Plant-herbivore interactions | |
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Introduction | |
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Classes of chemical defenses | |
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Constitutive versus induced defense | |
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Plant communication | |
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Plant-parasitoid communication | |
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A classic set of data reconsidered | |
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Novel defenses/herbivore responses | |
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Detoxification of plant compounds by herbivores | |
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Plant apparency and chemical defense | |
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Soil fertility and chemical defense | |
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The optimal defense theory | |
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Modeling plant-herbivore population dynamics | |
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Conclusions: the complexities of herbivore-plant interactions | |
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Problem sets | |
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Matrix algebra: the basics | |
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Mathematical symbols used in this book | |
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References | |
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Index | |