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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Review of Literature | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Research on peers | |
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| Research on peer groups using a social network approach | |
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| Research on parents | |
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| The relative impact of parents and peers | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Survey research methods | |
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| Sources of the data | |
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| The community: Census of families | |
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| Population of teenagers | |
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| The snowball sample of peers | |
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| Methods of data collection | |
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| The pilot study | |
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| Data collection | |
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| The questionnaire | |
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| Social network questions | |
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| Substance use questions | |
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| Coding and data analysis | |
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| Coding | |
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| Data analysis | |
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| Social network analysis | |
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| The complete network and peer groups | |
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| Snowball sample of peer ties | |
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| Accuracy in network measurement | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Teenagers and their Substance Use | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The teenagers | |
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| Gender | |
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| Age | |
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| Occupational status | |
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| Leisure time | |
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| Substances used by the teenagers | |
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| Cigarettes | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Drugs | |
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| Combinations of substances used | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by gender | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by age | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by occupational status | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by education | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Teenagers' Substance Use by Family Influences | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The teenagers' families | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by family circumstances | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by intact or broken family home | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by employment status of parents | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by social class of the family | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by parental substance use | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by closeness to parents | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by parental influence | |
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| Parental control of the teenagers' substance use | |
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| Parental advice against substance use | |
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| Parental control of choice of friends | |
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| Parental control of teenagers' free-time activities | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by siblings' substance use | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by siblings' influence | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Role of Peers in Teenagers' Substance Use | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Selection of peers | |
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| Formation of peer groups and the complete network | |
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| Teenagers' substance use by their social position | |
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| Similarity in substance use in dyads | |
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| Similarity in substance use in peer groups | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Peer Influence and Selection in Peer Groups | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Peer Group 4 | |
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| Peer Groups 8 and 9 | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chain Reactions in Teenagers' Substance Use | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rates of substance use in population and in case studies | |
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| Similarity in substance use in dyads in complete network | |
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| Peer influence in the population of teenagers | |
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| Case studies of peer groups | |
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| Similarity in Peer Group 1 | |
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| Peer influence at first substance use in Peer Group 1 | |
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| Peer influence in current substance use in Peer Group 1 | |
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| Peer influence or selection in Peer Group 1 | |
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| Similarity in Peer Group 2 | |
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| Peer influence at first substance use in Peer Group 2 | |
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| Peer influence in current substance use in Peer Group 2 | |
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| Peer influence or selection in Peer Group 2 | |
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| Similarity in Peer Group 3 | |
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| Peer influence at first substance use in Peer Group 3 | |
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| Peer influence in current substance use in Peer Group 3 | |
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| Peer influence or selection in Peer Group 3 | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Role of Gender in Chain Reactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Gender and the selection of peers | |
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| Substance use among the teenagers by their gender | |
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| Gender and peer influence | |
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| Gender and the patterning of peer ties | |
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| Gender in chain reactions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion and Conclusion | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questionnaire | |
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| Absolute Alcohol Consumption Index | |
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| Drug Classes | |
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| The Patterning of Peer Ties in Peer Groups 6 and 7 | |
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| Glossary of Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |