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| General Introduction | |
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| Environmental technology | |
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| The beginning | |
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| The environmental effects of the oil industry | |
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| Air emissions | |
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| Water management | |
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| Waste management | |
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| Technology used in the oil industry | |
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| Pollution control | |
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| Pollution prevention | |
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| Oil Industry future: design for the environment | |
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| Design out the production problems | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Environmental Control Technology for Oilfield Processes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Environmental control technology | |
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| Evolution of environmentally controlled oilfield processes | |
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| Scope and characteristics of oilfield ECT | |
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| Methodology of ECT design | |
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| ECT analysis of drilling process | |
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| Mechanisms of drilling waste discharge | |
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| Sources of drilling waste toxicity | |
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| Waste generation mechanisms in petroleum production | |
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| Sources of toxicity in produced water | |
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| References | |
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| Environmental Control of Well Integrity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mechanism of cement seal failures | |
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| Improved cementing for annular integrity | |
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| Cement pulsation after placement | |
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| Integrity of injection wells | |
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| Measurements of well integrity | |
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| Sustained casinghead pressure | |
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| Rig methods for SCP isolation | |
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| Rig-less technology for SCP isolation | |
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| References | |
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| Environmental Control of Drilling Fluids and Produced Water | |
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| Control of drilling fluid volume | |
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| Control of mud dispersibility | |
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| Improved solids-control-closed-loop systems | |
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| Dewatering of drilling fluids: 'dry' drilling location | |
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| Control of drilling fluid toxicity | |
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| Drilling fluid toxicity testing | |
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| Low-toxicity substitutes | |
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| Synthetic base drilling fluids | |
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| Source separation - drill cuttings de-oiling | |
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| Control of produced water volume | |
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| Source reduction - water shut-off technology | |
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| Source separation-downhole oil/gas/water separation | |
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| Source reduction with downhole water sink | |
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| Control of produced water pollutants | |
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| Oil-free water from DWS drainage-production systems | |
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| Deoiling of produced water | |
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| Removal of dissolved organics from produced water | |
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| Produced water salinity reduction | |
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| References | |
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| Oilfield Waste Disposal Control | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Oilfield waste disposal to land | |
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| Impact of oilfield pit contaminants | |
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| Oilfield pit sampling and evaluation | |
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| Oilfield pit closure: liquid phase | |
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| Oilfield pit closure: solid phase | |
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| Subsurface waste disposal to wells | |
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| Description of slurry injection process of muds and cuttings | |
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| Slurry fracture injection of muds and cuttings | |
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| Properties of injected slurries | |
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| Environmental implications of subsurface slurry injection | |
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| Periodic injection to multiple fractures | |
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| References | |
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| Drilling and Production Discharges in the Marine Environment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nature of offshore discharges | |
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| Produced water | |
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| Drilling waste | |
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| Magnitude of waste discharges | |
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| Accidental discharges | |
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| Wastes that require handling during site abandonment | |
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| Potential impacts on the environment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Potential impacts from produced water | |
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| Potential impacts from drilling waste | |
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| Potential impacts from treating chemicals | |
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| Potential impacts from accidental discharges | |
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| Regulatory approaches | |
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| Regulations for waste discharges | |
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| OSPAR agreements and national regulations for the OSPAR area | |
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| United states regulations | |
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| Comparing and contrasting OSPAR and United States EPA regulations | |
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| Russian and former Soviet Republics regulations | |
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| Other regulatory systems | |
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| Accidental discharges | |
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| Should the release be re-mediated? | |
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| Sources of data on discharges to the marine environment | |
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| References | |
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| Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Legal framework of platform decommissioning | |
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| Planning | |
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| Abandonment phases | |
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| Well abandonment | |
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| Preabandonment surveys/data gathering | |
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| Engineering | |
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| Decommissioning | |
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| Structure removal | |
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| Disposal | |
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| Site clearance | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Tanker Design: Recent Developments from an Environmental Perspective | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tanker accidents | |
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| Tanker design | |
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| New tanker design standards: the USA takes the lead | |
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| New tanker designs: the international debate in the early 1990s | |
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| Some developments since the adoption of the new MARPOL regulations in 1992 | |
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| Some observations regarding the effectiveness of MARPOL's double hull requirements | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| References | |
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| Pipeline Technology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Environmental pressures | |
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| Onshore pipelines | |
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| Design | |
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| Construction | |
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| Operation | |
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| Decommissioning | |
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| Offshore pipelines | |
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| Design | |
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| Construction | |
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| Operation | |
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| Decommissioning | |
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| Pipeline landfalls | |
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| Design | |
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| Construction | |
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| References | |
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| Environmental Management and Technology in Oil Refineries | |
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| Function of an oil refinery | |
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| Overview | |
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| Control of atmospheric emissions | |
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| Minimizing combustion-related emissions | |
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| Minimizing flare-related emissions | |
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| Minimizing fugitive emissions | |
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| Odour control | |
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| Sulphur removal and recovery | |
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| Control of aqueous emissions | |
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| Source control | |
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| Effluent treatment | |
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| Soil and groundwater protection | |
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| Source control | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| Remediation | |
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| Preventive techniques | |
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| Control of solid wastes | |
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| Source control | |
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| Waste treatment | |
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| Waste disposal | |
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| Recycling to minimize waste | |
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| Reuse on-site | |
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| Off-site recycling | |
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| Environmental management | |
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| Environmental control | |
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| Environmental training | |
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| Environmental auditing | |
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| References | |
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| Distribution, Marketing and Use of Petroleum Fuels | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Main refinery product types | |
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| Protection of the environment | |
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| The atmosphere | |
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| Sea waters: compliance with maritime regulations | |
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| Soil and groundwater | |
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| Distributing the products | |
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| Distribution systems | |
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| Anti-pollution controls | |
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| The atmosphere | |
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| The high seas | |
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| Coastal and inland waterways | |
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| Soil and groundwater | |
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| Marketing the products | |
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| Large industrial customer installations | |
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| Small industrial and domestic customers | |
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| Service stations | |
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| Environmental technologies related to product use | |
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| Fuels | |
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| Marine diesel engines and fuels | |
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| Fuels for large industrial power plants | |
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| Fuels for small industrial and domestic installations | |
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| Aircraft engines and fuels | |
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| Engines for rail transport | |
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| Automotive engines | |
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| Into the next millenium | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Lubricants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Performance | |
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| Components | |
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| Base fluids | |
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| Mineral oils | |
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| Synthetic base oils | |
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| Polyol esters | |
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| Poly-a-olefins | |
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| Hydrocracked mineral oils | |
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| Additives | |
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| Actual environmental effects | |
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| Biodegradability | |
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| Biodegradation is not necessary in a lubricant | |
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| A biodegradable lubricant will encourage dumping at the expense of collection and disposal | |
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| A biodegradable lubricant will degrade in the engine | |
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| A biodegradable lubricant will result in high concentrations of toxic residues that are detrimental to the environment | |
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| Biodegradation is not necessary, as motor manufacturers are now producing sealed lubricant systems | |
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| Collection and recycling of used oils | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Climate Change Scenarios and Their Potential Impact on World Agriculture | |
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| What causes the climate system to change? | |
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| Past climatic changes | |
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| Anthropogenic forcing of the climate system | |
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| Future changes in anthropogenic forcing | |
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| Implications of SRES scenarios on global climate | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Precipitation | |
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| Sea level rise | |
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| Mitigation possibilities within the agricultural sector | |
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| Implications of SRES scenarios on regional climate | |
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| Europe | |
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| North America | |
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| Impacts of future climate change on agriculture | |
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| Europe | |
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| North America | |
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| References | |
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| Color Plates | |
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| Index | |