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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemical machines and action systems | |
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| Introduction. Living organisms and machines | |
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| Loeb and the orientation mechanisms of Hammond: "natural" and "artificial" machines | |
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| The dispute over automata after Huxley. "Automatic" and "plastic" regulation of behavior | |
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| Jennings and the action system | |
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| Machines and functional organization | |
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| Men, animals and machines. Reductionism and mentalistic language | |
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| Nervous conduction: early connectionism, physical analogies and machines | |
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| Introduction. Neurological hypotheses and machines | |
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| Nervous conduction as drainage: Spencer, james and McDougall | |
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| Meyer's drainage theory and the limits of mechanical analogy | |
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| Thorndike and the origins of connectionism | |
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| Inorganic nervous systems: Bent Russell's machine | |
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| Other ideas about nervous conduction | |
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| Engineers' machines and biologists' machines | |
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| Stephens' connectionist machine | |
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| The Robot Approach | |
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| Introduction. Forms of learning | |
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| Simulating learning processes | |
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| Rashevsky's physics of mind | |
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| Automatism and rudimentary forms of thought | |
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| "Ultra-automatism." Hull's "psychic" machine | |
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| The advent of robotics and developments of Hull's simulation method | |
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| What happened to the robot approach? | |
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| Behavior, purpose and teleology | |
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| Introduction. Teleological explanations | |
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| Adaptation as equilibration. Lillie and the "reconciliation" of teleology with science | |
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| Warren and teleology as a scientific problem | |
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| Purpose in the natural world and in artefacts | |
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| True and derivative teleology | |
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| Learning and teleology: Perry, McDougall and Tolman | |
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| Craik's symbolic theory of thought and synthetic method | |
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| Learning and feedback | |
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| Cybernetics and the origins of Artificial Intelligence | |
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| Introduction. The turning point | |
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| Cybernetic robotics | |
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| Mechanical models and theories of behavior | |
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| The intelligent computer | |
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| The origins of Artificial Intelligence | |
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| New steps towards the artificial | |
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| Introduction: symbols or neurons? | |
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| Meaning and knowledge: some difficulties for AI | |
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| Common-sense problems for computers | |
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| The origins of cognitive science. Old and new connectionism | |
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| Artificial Life and the development of robotics | |
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| The many forms of the artificial | |
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| Five theses on the artificial | |
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| Some initial distinctions | |
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| The modeling method and functionalism | |
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| Representations and mentalistic language | |
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| The discovery of the artificial: hopes, defeats and successes | |
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| References | |
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| List of machines | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |