| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction: An Overview of AIDS | |
| |
| |
| AIDS in Brief | |
| |
| |
| The AIDS Epidemic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concepts of Infectious Disease and a History of Epidemics | |
| |
| |
| Factors That Affect the Spread of Epidemics | |
| |
| |
| Host and Virus Populations | |
| |
| |
| The Transmission Rate | |
| |
| |
| Population Densities and Infections | |
| |
| |
| Chronic Infections | |
| |
| |
| Controlling Infectious Diseases | |
| |
| |
| A History of Epidemics | |
| |
| |
| The Old World | |
| |
| |
| The New World | |
| |
| |
| Modern Concepts of Infectious Disease and Koch's Postulates | |
| |
| |
| Epidemics in Modern Times | |
| |
| |
| Syphilis: The Social Problems with a Sexually Transmitted Disease | |
| |
| |
| Infections from Other Species | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Immune System | |
| |
| |
| Blood | |
| |
| |
| Cells of the Blood | |
| |
| |
| Red Blood Cells | |
| |
| |
| White Blood Cells | |
| |
| |
| The Lymphatic Circulation | |
| |
| |
| Innate Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Immunity | |
| |
| |
| B-Cells and Humoral Immunity: The Generation of Antibodies | |
| |
| |
| Antibodies | |
| |
| |
| How Do B-Lymphocytes Respond to New Antigens? | |
| |
| |
| The Primary Immune Response | |
| |
| |
| How Do Antibodies Fight Infections? | |
| |
| |
| Immunological Memory | |
| |
| |
| The Secondary Immune Response | |
| |
| |
| Vaccines | |
| |
| |
| Tolerance | |
| |
| |
| T-Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
| |
| |
| T<sub>killer</sub> Lymphocytes | |
| |
| |
| T<sub>helper</sub> Lymphocytes | |
| |
| |
| T-Lymphocyte Recognition of Antigen-Containing Cells | |
| |
| |
| T-Cell Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virology and HIV | |
| |
| |
| A General Introduction to Viruses | |
| |
| |
| What Are Viruses? | |
| |
| |
| How Does a Virus Infect a Host? | |
| |
| |
| A Typical Virus Infection Cycle | |
| |
| |
| How Do We Treat Viral Infections? | |
| |
| |
| The Life Cycle of a Retrovirus | |
| |
| |
| The AIDS Virus: HIV | |
| |
| |
| Features of HIV | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of the HIV Receptor | |
| |
| |
| Additional Genes | |
| |
| |
| Killing of T<sub>helper</sub> Lymphocytes | |
| |
| |
| Nonlytic Infection of Macrophages | |
| |
| |
| Dendritic Cells and HIV | |
| |
| |
| Co-Receptors for HIV | |
| |
| |
| The Effects of HIV Infection in Individuals | |
| |
| |
| The HIV Antibody Test | |
| |
| |
| Potential Problems with the HIV Antibody Test | |
| |
| |
| How Does HIV Evade the Immune System? | |
| |
| |
| Azidothymidine (AZT): The First Effective Drug Treatment in HIV/AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Limitations of AZT | |
| |
| |
| Protease Inhibitors: Another Class of Drugs Against HIV | |
| |
| |
| Where Did HIV Come From? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Exposure, Infection, and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Exposure Versus Infection | |
| |
| |
| Infection Versus Disease | |
| |
| |
| HIV Infection in Untreated Individuals | |
| |
| |
| Primary Infection and the Asymptomatic Period | |
| |
| |
| Mononucleosis-Like Illness | |
| |
| |
| Brain Infection (Encephalopathy) | |
| |
| |
| The Asymptomatic Period | |
| |
| |
| Initial Disease Symptoms | |
| |
| |
| Damage to the Immune System and Full-Blown AIDS | |
| |
| |
| AIDS | |
| |
| |
| High Turnover of T<sub>helper</sub> Cells in AIDS Patients | |
| |
| |
| Mutation and Evolution of HIV During Infection | |
| |
| |
| Antiviral Drugs for HIV | |
| |
| |
| Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| Protease Inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| Integrase Inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| Fusion Inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| CCR5 Antagonists | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Management of HIV-infected Individuals | |
| |
| |
| Monitoring Infection and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) | |
| |
| |
| Limitations and Uncertainties in ART Therapies | |
| |
| |
| Timing the Initiation of ART | |
| |
| |
| Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections | |
| |
| |
| ART in Prevention of HIV Infections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Epidemiology and AIDS | |
| |
| |
| An Overview of Epidemiology and AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Basic Concepts in Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Studies | |
| |
| |
| Analytical Studies | |
| |
| |
| Correlations | |
| |
| |
| Criteria for a Causal Relationship | |
| |
| |
| Epidemiology and AIDS in the United States | |
| |
| |
| The Current Picture of AIDS in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Epidemiology and Modes of HIV Transmission | |
| |
| |
| The Effectiveness of AZT | |
| |
| |
| The Changing Face of AIDS | |
| |
| |
| AIDS Around the World | |
| |
| |
| AIDS in Africa | |
| |
| |
| AIDS in Asia | |
| |
| |
| New Areas of Rapid Spread | |
| |
| |
| HIV Subgroups and Clades | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modes of HIV Transmission and Personal Risk Factors | |
| |
| |
| Biological Bases of HIV Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Sources of Infectious HIV | |
| |
| |
| Stability of HIV | |
| |
| |
| Targets for HIV Infection | |
| |
| |
| Modes of HIV Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Activities Not Associated with HIV Transmission: Casual Contact | |
| |
| |
| Activities Associated with HIV Transmission: Birth, Blood, and Sex | |
| |
| |
| |
| Individual Assessments of HIV Risk | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Individual Decision Making and Action | |
| |
| |
| Risk Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Normative Model | |
| |
| |
| Subjective Probability Model | |
| |
| |
| HIV Testing and Risk Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Nature and Accuracy of the HIV Test | |
| |
| |
| Testing Options | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prevention of AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Disease Prevention and Health Promotion | |
| |
| |
| Models of Health Behavior Change | |
| |
| |
| Health Belief Model | |
| |
| |
| Health Decision Model | |
| |
| |
| Precaution-Adoption Process Model | |
| |
| |
| Principles of Health Behavior Change | |
| |
| |
| The Cognitive Principle | |
| |
| |
| The Emotional Principle | |
| |
| |
| The Behavioral Principle | |
| |
| |
| The Interpersonal Principle | |
| |
| |
| The Social Ecological Principle | |
| |
| |
| The Structural Principle | |
| |
| |
| The Scientific Principle | |
| |
| |
| Examples of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs | |
| |
| |
| AIDS Prevention Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men | |
| |
| |
| AIDS Prevention Among Mexican Migrant Farm Workers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Living with AIDS: Human Dimensions | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Perspectives from Social Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Role Theories | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Theories | |
| |
| |
| Human Dimensions of HIV/AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Confronting the News of Infection | |
| |
| |
| Accepting the Reality of Infection | |
| |
| |
| Opportunities and Challenges of Drug Therapies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Living with AIDS: Societal Dimensions | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| Discrimination | |
| |
| |
| Societal Dimensions of HIV/AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Needle Exchange for Injection Drug Users | |
| |
| |
| HIV Prevention for Teens | |
| |
| |
| Healthcare Practices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Future Directions in Combating AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Future Directions for Biomedical Efforts | |
| |
| |
| Prevention of Infection | |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Infected Individuals | |
| |
| |
| Future Directions for Social Efforts | |
| |
| |
| Education | |
| |
| |
| Research | |
| |
| |
| A Final Note of Optimism: Time Is on Our Side | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Appendix: Reference Resources | |
| |
| |
| Index | |