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| Preface | |
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| Contributors | |
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| Pharmacology of Flunitrazepam and Other Benzodiazepines | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemistry | |
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| Pharmacokinetics | |
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| Absorption, Distribution, and Plasma Levels | |
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| Half-Life vs Duration of Action | |
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| Metabolism and Excretion | |
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| Pharmacodynamics | |
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| Sites of Action | |
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| Acute Effect | |
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| Chronic Administration and Abuse Liability | |
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| Pharmacokinetics vs Pharmacodynamics | |
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| Rohypnol: The Debate | |
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| References | |
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| Immunoassay Detection of Benzodiazepines | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Optimal Enzyme Activity | |
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| Conditions | |
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| Activity | |
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| Cutoff | |
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| Immunoassays | |
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| Methods | |
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| Manual [beta]-Glucuronidase Treatment | |
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| Automated [beta]-Glucuronidase Treatment | |
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| Online with the Hitachi 717 | |
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| Online with the Cobas Integra 700 | |
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| A General Scheme | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Analysis of Flunitrazepam and Its Metabolites in Biological Specimens | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methods of Analysis | |
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| Screening Methods | |
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| HPLC Analysis | |
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| Internal Standards | |
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| Extraction | |
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| HPLC Conditions | |
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| Detection | |
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| GC/MS Methods | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Analysis of Selected Low-Dose Benzodiazepines by Mass Spectrometry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Alprazolam | |
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| Background | |
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| Method 1 | |
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| Extraction | |
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| GC/MS Conditions | |
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| Method Performance | |
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| Method 2 | |
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| Extraction | |
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| HPLC/MS/MS Conditions | |
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| Method Performance | |
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| Midazolam | |
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| Background | |
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| Method 1 | |
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| Extraction | |
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| GC/MS Conditions | |
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| Method Performance | |
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| Method 2 | |
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| Extraction | |
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| HPLC/MS Conditions | |
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| Method Performance | |
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| Method 3 | |
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| Extraction | |
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| HPLC/MS Conditions | |
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| Method Performance | |
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| Additional Techniques | |
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| Lorazepam | |
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| Background | |
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| Method | |
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| Extraction | |
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| GC/MS Conditions | |
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| Method Performance | |
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| Additional Techniques | |
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| Triazolam | |
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| Background | |
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| Method 1 | |
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| Extraction | |
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| GC/MS Conditions | |
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| Method Performance | |
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| Method 2 | |
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| Extraction | |
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| GC/MS Conditions | |
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| Method Performance | |
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| References | |
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| Identification of Benzodiazepines in Human Hair: A Review | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biology of Hair | |
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| Hair Growth | |
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| Types of Hair | |
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| Mechanisms of Drug Incorporation into Hair | |
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| Effects of Cosmetic Treatments | |
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| Specimen Collection | |
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| Decontamination Procedures | |
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| Extraction | |
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| Detection | |
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| Detection of Flunitrazepam and 7-Amino-Flunitrazepam | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| [gamma]-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Its Analogs, [gamma]-Butyrolactone and 1,4-Butanediol | |
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| History and Pharmacology of GHB | |
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| History of Illicit Use of GHB | |
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| Clinical Use of GHB in Humans | |
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| History of Illicit Use of GBL and 1,4BD | |
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| Metabolism of GHB, GBL, and 1,4BD | |
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| Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of GHB, GBL, and 1,4BD | |
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| GHB Interpretation Issues and Postmortem Production | |
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| Analysis for GHB, GBL, and 1,4BD | |
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| References | |
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| Analysis of Urine Samples in Cases of Alleged Sexual Assault: Case History | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Receipt of Specimens for Analysis | |
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| Testing Protocol | |
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| Results and Discussion | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |