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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Radar | |
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| SAR Modes | |
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| Spotlight Mode Attributes | |
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| Early SAR Development | |
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| Spotlight Mode and Polar Format | |
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| The Move to Digital Processing | |
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| Spotlight SAR Today | |
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| References | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Radar Fundamentals | |
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| SAR System Overview | |
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| System Operation | |
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| SAR Sensor | |
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| Motion Sensor | |
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| Image Formation Processor | |
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| Image Processor | |
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| Image Exploitation Segment | |
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| Imaging Considerations | |
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| Pulse Compression and Range Resolution | |
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| Short Pulse | |
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| Linear FM Waveform | |
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| Stepped-Frequency Waveform | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Concept and Azimuth Resolution | |
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| Real Beam Radar and SAR | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Interval | |
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| Beam Compression Ratio | |
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| Azimuth Chirp Rate and Doppler Bandwidth of Received Signal | |
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| Spotlight Scene Bandwidth after Azimuth Dechirp | |
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| SAR Coherence Requirements | |
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| Propagation Effects on Phase Coherence | |
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| Source Coherence in SAR | |
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| Motion Effects on Phase Coherence | |
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| Signal Phase Equation | |
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| Spotlight Data Collection Geometry | |
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| Transmitted Signal--Linear FM Chirp | |
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| Received Signal | |
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| Demodulated Signal | |
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| Sampled Signal | |
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| Fine Motion Compensation | |
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| Components of Signal Phase Equation | |
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| Inverse SAR | |
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| ISAR Geometry | |
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| ISAR Analytical Model | |
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| SAR Sensor Parametric Design Example | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Spotlight SAR and Polar Format Algorithm | |
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| Scope of Processing Task | |
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| Signal Processing Requirements | |
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| Challenges in Spotlight Data Processing | |
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| Review of Image Formation Algorithms | |
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| Algorithm Survey | |
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| Limitation of Rectangular Format | |
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| Polar Format Algorithm | |
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| Algorithm Overview | |
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| Signal History Model | |
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| Polar Format Transformation | |
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| Focus Target Plane Concept | |
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| Selection of Image Display Plane | |
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| SAR Imaging Geometry | |
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| Geometry Models | |
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| Relative Motion | |
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| Differential Range | |
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| Approximation for Differential Range | |
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| Taylor Series Expansion Procedure | |
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| Taylor Series Coefficients | |
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| Calculation Procedures | |
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| Basic Imaging Terms in the Signal Equation | |
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| Phase of Image Pixels | |
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| Basic Imaging Relationship | |
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| Range Curvature | |
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| Nonplanar Motion and Three-Dimensional Scene | |
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| Motion Measurement Errors | |
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| Scene Center Displacements | |
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| Geometric Distortion | |
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| Quadratic Phase Error | |
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| Residual Video Phase | |
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| Additional Error Sources | |
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| Relationship Between Target and Image Coordinates | |
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| Individual Contributors | |
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| Correction for Range Curvature Image Distortion | |
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| Image Focus Error Summary | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Digital Polar Format Processing | |
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| Sampling Rate Conversion | |
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| Upsampling | |
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| Downsampling | |
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| Resampling | |
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| Polyphase Filters | |
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| A Resampling Example | |
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| Use of Polyphase Filters | |
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| Filtering Mechanics | |
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| Digital Polar Format Relationships | |
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| Digital Polar Interpolation | |
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| Range Interpolation | |
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| Azimuth Interpolation | |
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| Image Scale Factors | |
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| Signal History Projections | |
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| Collection Surface to Focus Target Plane | |
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| Focus Target Plane to Image Display Plane | |
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| Stabilized Scene Polar Interpolation | |
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| Example with Line-of-Sight Polar Interpolation | |
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| Example with Stabilized Scene Polar Interpolation | |
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| Considerations in Stabilized Scene Polar Interpolation | |
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| Subpatch Processing | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Phase Errors | |
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| Classification of Phase Errors | |
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| Low-Frequency Phase Errors | |
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| High-Frequency Phase Errors | |
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| Management of Phase Errors | |
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| Magnitude of Phase Errors | |
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| Errors in Position and Motion Measurement | |
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| Range Curvature | |
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| Residual Video Phase | |
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| Nonplanar Motion | |
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| Other Error Sources | |
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| Requirements on a Practical SAR Motion Sensor | |
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| Moving Target Effects | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Autofocus Techniques | |
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| Mapdrift | |
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| Overview | |
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| Analytical Development | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Multiple Aperture Mapdrift | |
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| Overview | |
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| Analytical Development | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Phase Difference | |
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| Overview | |
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| Analytical Development | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Phase Gradient Autofocus | |
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| Overview | |
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| Analytical Development | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Prominent Point Processing | |
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| Single Prominent Point Processing Algorithm | |
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| Multiple PPP Algorithm | |
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| Selection of Prominent Points | |
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| Space-Variant Refocus | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Processor Design Examples | |
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| The Common Unix SAR Processor | |
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| DCS System Overview | |
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| Processor Overview | |
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| Signal Processor Software Architecture | |
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| The Ground-to-Air Imaging Radar Processor | |
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| GAIR System Overview | |
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| Processor Overview | |
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| Preprocessing Segment | |
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| Interactive Segment | |
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| Image Formation Segment | |
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| Image Exploitation Segment | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| SAR System Performance | |
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| Image Quality Metrics | |
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| System Performance Budget | |
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| Requirements Relating to System Impulse Response | |
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| Resolution | |
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| Peak Sidelobes | |
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| Integrated Sidelobe Ratio | |
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| Requirements on System Noise | |
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| Multiplicative Noise | |
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| Additive Noise | |
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| Contrast Ratio | |
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| Geometric Distortion | |
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| Secondary Image Quality Metrics | |
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| Test Sites for Image Quality Verification | |
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| Elements of the Test Site | |
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| Measurement of System Noise Parameters | |
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| Example Test Site | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Spotlight Processing Applications | |
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| Spotlight Processing of Stripmap SAR Data | |
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| Mode Differences | |
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| Stripmap-to-Spotlight Conversion Process | |
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| Image Example | |
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| Forward-Look SAR | |
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| Geometry Model | |
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| Image Attributes | |
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| Image Examples | |
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| Interferometric SAR | |
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| Nature of SAR Interferometry | |
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| Interferometry Model | |
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| Processing Requirements | |
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| Height Measurement Error | |
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| Absolute Height Information | |
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| Orthorectification | |
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| Image Examples | |
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| Other Approaches to Height Measurement | |
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| Vibrating Target Detection | |
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| Data Collection Model | |
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| Effect of Vibration | |
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| Smearing of Paired Echoes | |
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| Phase Adjustment to Focus Paired Echoes | |
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| Vibration Detection Process | |
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| Simulated Examples with Vibrating Targets | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Range Migration Algorithm | |
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| Signal Model | |
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| Algorithm Overview | |
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| Along-Track Fourier Transform | |
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| Matched Filtering | |
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| Stolt Interpolation | |
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| Two-Dimensional Inverse Fourier Transform | |
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| Analytical Development | |
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| Principle of Stationary Phase | |
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| Along-Track Fourier Transform Analysis | |
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| Matched Filtering Analysis | |
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| Stolt Interpolation Analysis | |
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| Aspects of Range Migration Processing | |
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| Along-Track Sampling Requirements | |
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| Processing Squinted Data | |
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| Space-Variant Impulse Response | |
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| Approximation for Stolt Interpolation | |
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| Relation between Range Migration and Polar Format Algorithms | |
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| Applications of Range Migration Processing | |
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| L-Band SAR | |
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| Ultra-Wideband SAR for Fopen | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Chirp Scaling Algorithm | |
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| Signal Model Without Dechirp-on-Receive | |
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| Algorithm Overview | |
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| Azimuth Fourier Transform | |
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| Chirp Scaling Operation | |
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| Range Compression | |
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| Two-Dimensional Phase Compensation | |
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| Azimuth Inverse Fourier Transform | |
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| Analytical Development | |
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| Azimuth Fourier Transform | |
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| Chirp Scaling Operation | |
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| Range Fourier Transform | |
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| Two-Dimensional Matched Filtering | |
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| Range Inverse Fourier Transform | |
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| Two-Dimensional Phase Compensation | |
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| Azimuth Inverse Fourier Transform | |
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| Algorithm Limitations | |
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| Algorithm Applications | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Comparison of Image Formation Algorithms | |
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| Image Formation Algorithm Models | |
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| Polar Format Algorithm | |
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| Range Migration Algorithm | |
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| Chirp Scaling Algorithm | |
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| Computational Complexity | |
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| Additional Aspects of Algorithm Performance | |
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| Polar Format Algorithm | |
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| Range Migration Algorithm | |
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| Chirp Scaling Algorithm | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Fast Algorithm for Digital Quadrature Demodulation | |
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| References | |
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| Tomographic Processing of Spotlight Data | |
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| Tomographic Reconstruction | |
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| Algorithm Attributes | |
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| References | |
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| Removal of Residual Video Phase | |
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| Presence of RVP | |
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| Compensation with a Frequency-Dependent Delay | |
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| Utility of RVP Compensation | |
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| Sidelobe Control in SAR Imagery | |
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| Finite Apertures | |
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| Common Weighting Functions | |
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| Spatially Variant Apodization | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Description of SAR Images | |
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| Data Collection System | |
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| Ground-to-Air Imaging Radar | |
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| Rotating Platform Facility | |
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| P-3/SAR System | |
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| Simulated Images | |
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| References | |
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| Acronyms | |
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| Symbols | |
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| Index | |