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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| The Authors | |
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| International System of Units (SI) | |
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| Ecosystem Structure and Function | |
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| The Environment and the Nature of Scientific Enquiry | |
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| Meaning and Significance of the Environment | |
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| The Pale Blue Dot | |
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| Stories in the News | |
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| Advent of Global Environmental Awakening | |
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| Focus on Environmental Problems Sharpens | |
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| Advances in Environmental Research and Regulation | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Types of Scientific Studies | |
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| The Two Cultures and the Environment | |
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| The Urge to Live, Live Well, and Live Better | |
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| Biosphere and the Science of Ecology | |
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| The Biosphere | |
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| The Lithosphere | |
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| The Hydrosphere | |
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| The Science of Ecology | |
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| The Ecosystem Concept | |
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| Atmosphere, Climate, and Organisms | |
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| Atmosphere | |
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| Climate and Weather | |
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| Global Climate and General Circulation | |
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| Solar Radiation and Light | |
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| Heat and Air Temperature | |
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| Precipitation, Humidity, and Wind | |
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| Influence of Topography | |
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| Climate, Weather, and Humans | |
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| The Soil Environment | |
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| Soil Defined | |
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| Origin of Soils | |
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| Soil Physical Characteristics | |
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| Soil Chemical Relations | |
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| Soil Biota | |
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| Soils and Plant Distribution | |
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| Soil Formation | |
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| Major Soils of the World | |
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| The Aquatic Environment | |
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| Characteristics of Water | |
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| Hydrological Cycle | |
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| Streams and Rivers | |
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| Freshwater Lakes | |
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| Saline Lakes | |
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| Wetlands | |
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| Oceans, Seas, and Estuaries | |
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| Biogeochemical Cycling of Materials | |
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| Biogeochemical Cycles | |
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| Drivers of Biogeochemical Cycles | |
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| Hydrological or Water Cycle | |
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| Gaseous Cycles | |
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| Mineral or Sedimentary Cycles | |
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| Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles | |
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| Energy Flows and Ecosystem Productivity | |
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| Solar Energy-the Driving Variable | |
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| Laws of Thermodynamics | |
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| Terrestrial Primary Productivity | |
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| Photosynthetic Pathways | |
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| Ecological Controls on Primary Productivity | |
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| Aquatic Primary Productivity | |
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| Secondary Productivity | |
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| Bioaccumulation through Food Webs | |
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| Population Ecology | |
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| Populations-the Central Units in Ecology and Evolution | |
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| Population Growth | |
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| Regulation of Population Size | |
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| Spatial Patterns of Population Abundance | |
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| Life Histories of Organisms | |
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| Interspecific Interactions and Population Dynamics | |
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| Community Ecology and Succession | |
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| Ecological Communities | |
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| Community Structure | |
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| Ecological Succession | |
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| Changes in Succession | |
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| Controls on Succession | |
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| Mechanisms of Succession | |
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| Rangeland Succession | |
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| Concept of Climax, Old-Growth, or Mature Communities | |
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| Biomes-the Major Ecosystems of the World | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biomes | |
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| Tundra and Alpine | |
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| Taiga | |
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| Temperate Deciduous Forest | |
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| Grassland | |
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| Temperate Coniferous Forest | |
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| Dry-Mesic Forest | |
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| Temperate Rain Forest | |
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| Desert | |
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| Tropical Rain Forest | |
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| Tropical Savannas | |
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| Ecotones | |
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| Ecoregions | |
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| Contemporary Environmental Issues | |
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| Human Population Growth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Forces Driving Human Population Growth | |
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| Rapid Growth in Numbers Means Greater Consumption | |
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| Biophysical Controls over Population Growth | |
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| Increasing Consumption and Decreasing Natural Resources | |
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| Uneven Access to Natural Capital Threatens Global Security | |
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| Environmental Refugees | |
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| Overall Assessment of Increasing Human Numbers | |
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| Land Use-Agriculture | |
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| Agriculture in Retrospect | |
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| Traditional and Industrialized Agriculture | |
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| Food Bounty of the United States | |
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| Energy Input into Agriculture | |
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| The Green Revolution | |
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| Land Use Conflicts | |
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| Growing Monocultures | |
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| Sustaining Energy Subsidies | |
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| Biocides: Use, Persistence, and Health Effects | |
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| Disruption of Biogeochemical Cycles | |
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| Soil Erosion | |
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| Desertification | |
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| Animal Agriculture | |
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| Challenges of Food Security | |
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| Land Use-Forest Resources | |
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| Forest Ecosystems in Perspective | |
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| Global and National Extent of Forests | |
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| Types and Functions of Forests | |
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| Forest Products | |
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| Harvesting | |
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| Deforestation and Its Underlying Causes | |
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| Impacts on the Hydrological Cycle | |
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| Impacts on Gaseous and Sedimentary Cycles | |
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| Habitat Fragmentation and Loss of Biodiversity | |
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| Forest Death: Mortality, Insects, and Pathogens | |
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| Forest Fires | |
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| Challenges for Forest Management | |
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| Land Use-Mining for Mineral and Coal Resources | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Minerals | |
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| Mineral Exploration | |
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| Extraction from the Ground | |
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| Mineral Processing | |
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| Consumption Patterns and Environmental Impacts | |
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| Waste Production and Disposal-Eastern United States and Canada | |
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| Waste Production and Disposal-Western United States and Canada | |
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| Industrial Ecology | |
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| Legislative Measures | |
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| Land Use-Urbanization and Transportation | |
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| Forces Driving Urbanization | |
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| Trends of Urbanization | |
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| Growing Global Urban Population | |
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| Land Use | |
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| Urban Transportation and Impacts | |
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| Urban-Industrial Wastes and Biogeochemical Cycles | |
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| Urban Climate and Air Pollutants | |
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| Urban Vegetation | |
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| An Afterword | |
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| Water Resources-Quantity and Quality | |
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| The Essential Nature of Water | |
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| Use and Depletion of Surface and Ground Water | |
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| Impounding Water | |
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| Competition for Water | |
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| Water Quality-Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems | |
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| Oil Spills in Marine Systems | |
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| Decline of Fisheries | |
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| Legislation on Water Issues | |
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| Fuel Energy | |
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| Energy as Fuel | |
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| Energy from Biomass | |
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| Energy from Nonrenewable Resources | |
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| Fossil Fuel Energy-Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Energy from Renewable Resources | |
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| Current Global and National Energy Profile | |
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| Energy Policy | |
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| Air Quality and Stratospheric Ozone | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sources of Air Pollutants | |
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| Types of Air Pollutants | |
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| Air Pollutant Transformations | |
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| Modes of Air Pollutant Action | |
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| Criteria Air Pollutants | |
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| Nature of Atmospheric Deposition | |
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| Factors Affecting Atmospheric Deposition | |
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| Acidification of Water and Soils | |
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| Acidification of Lakes and Streams | |
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| Acidification of Forests | |
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| Acidification Impacts on Agriculture | |
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| Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health | |
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| Atmospheric Deposition Impacts on Monuments | |
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| The Ozone "Hole" and the Montreal Protocol | |
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| The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Greenhouse Gases and the Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Geological History and Temperature | |
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| Carbon Dioxide and Temperature | |
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| Evidence of Carbon Dioxide Increase | |
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| Sources and Sinks of Carbon | |
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| Other Greenhouse Gases | |
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| Evidence of Global Warming | |
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| General Circulation Models | |
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| Climate-Weather Uncertainties | |
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| Response of Biota to Climate Change | |
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| Climate Change and Human Health | |
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| Recent National and International Responses | |
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| Biological Diversity Loss and the March of Invasive Species | |
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| Biological Diversity | |
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| Values of Safeguarding Biological Diversity | |
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| Biological Invasions | |
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| Major Factors That Facilitate Invasions | |
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| Temporal Attributes of Invasive Species | |
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| Effects of Invasions on Ecosystem Structure and Function | |
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| How Do Species Invade So Successfully? | |
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| Invasions as Agents of Environmental Change | |
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| Economic Losses from Invasions | |
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| Getting Rid of Invasive Species | |
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| Policies to Lessen Biodiversity Loss | |
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| Seeking Solutions | |
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| Environmental Policy and Law | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Policy-Making and Science | |
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| Process of Making Policy | |
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| Environmental Policy | |
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| Environmental Policy and Ecology | |
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| Environmental and Energy: An Example | |
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| Public versus Private Rights | |
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| Environmental Policy and Law: The United States as an Example | |
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| Legislative Goals versus Implementation Actions | |
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| International Issues, Laws, and Treaties | |
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| Environmental Policy Instruments | |
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| Environmental Justice | |
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| The Precautionary Principle | |
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| Miles Gained, Miles Remain | |
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| Economic Systems, Growth, and Development | |
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| Economics and Its Beginning | |
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| Economic Practice and Its Major Principles | |
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| Resources | |
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| The Externalities | |
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| Global Poverty and Economic Sector Subsidies | |
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| Environmental and Resource Economics | |
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| Economics and Ecology | |
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| Steady-State Economics | |
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| Ecological Economics | |
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| Growth and Development | |
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| Market Economics: GDP and GNP | |
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| Genuine Progress Indicator | |
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| Human Development Index | |
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| The Concept of the Ecological Footprint | |
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| An Afterword | |
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| Environmental Management | |
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| Principles of Adaptive Ecosystem Management | |
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| Environmental Information Systems | |
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| Ecosystem Analyses | |
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| Ecosystem Classification Systems | |
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| Ecosystem Integrity and Stability | |
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| Assessment of Environmental Health and Risks | |
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| Management of Damaged versus Intact Ecosystems | |
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| Design and Management of Natural Protection Areas | |
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| Sustainable Watershed Management | |
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| Best Land Management Practices | |
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| Restoration of Disturbed Ecosystems | |
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| Restoring Degraded Systems | |
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| Restoration, Rehabilitation, or... | |
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| Initiating the Process of Restoration | |
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| The Restoration Protocol | |
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| Grassland Restoration on Mined Lands | |
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| Forest Restoration on Mined Lands | |
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| Restoration of Wetlands | |
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| Wetland Conservation Efforts | |
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| Brownfields, Bioremediation, and Phytoremediation | |
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| Evaluating Success | |
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| Global Imperative of Restoration Economy | |
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| Conservation of Biological Diversity and Natural Resources | |
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| Principles for Conservation | |
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| Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Services | |
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| Extinction Is a Natural Process | |
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| The Control of Invasive Species | |
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| Conservation Biology | |
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| Strategies for Conservation | |
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| Conservation of Natural Resources | |
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| Case Study: Recycling and Natural Resources | |
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| Sustainable Development | |
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| Approaches to Achieving Sustainability | |
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| The Concept of Sustainable Development | |
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| Ecological Controls on Sustainable Development | |
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| Revolutionary Thinking in Economics Is Needed | |
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| Cases in Point: Food Production and Renewable Energy | |
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| The Eco-City Concept: Green Cities | |
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| Ecotourism | |
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| Sustainability Inter Alia | |
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| Environmental Awareness Is Here to Stay | |
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| The Road Ahead | |
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| References | |
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| Useful Web Resources | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |