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| Materials Science at the Nanoscale | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nanoworld Is Uniquely Different | |
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| Synthesis and Characterization | |
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| Experimental Methods | |
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| Computer Simulation and Modeling | |
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| Applications | |
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| Outlook | |
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| References | |
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| Perspectives on the Science and Technology of Nanoparticle Synthesis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classification of Nanoparticle Synthesis Techniques | |
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| Solid-State Synthesis of Nanoparticles | |
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| Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles | |
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| Solution Processing of Nanoparticles | |
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| Sol-Gel Processing | |
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| Solution Precipitation | |
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| Water-Oil Microemulsion (Reverse Micelle) Method | |
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| Commercial Production and Use of Nanoparticles | |
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| Future Perspectives | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Fullerenes and Their Derivatives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Functionalization of Fullerenes | |
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| Cycloadditions | |
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| Cyclopropanation Reactions | |
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| Self-Assembled Fullerene Architectures | |
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| Rotaxanes, Catenanes, Pseudorotaxanes | |
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| Nanorings, Peapods | |
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| Supramolecular Assemblies with Porphyrins | |
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| Complementary Hydrogen Bonded Supramolecular Systems | |
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| Applications | |
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| Donor-Acceptor Systems | |
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| Plastic Solar Cells | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Carbon Nanotubes: Structure and Properties | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure | |
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| Single-Wall Tubes, Bundles, and Crystalline Ropes | |
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| Multiwall Tubes | |
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| Macroscopic Nanotube Materials | |
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| Fibers | |
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| Filled Tubes | |
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| Nanotube Suspensions | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Mechanical Properties | |
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| Thermal Properties | |
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| Electronic Properties | |
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| Magnetic and Superconducting Properties | |
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| Summary and Prospects | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Carbon Nanotube Morphology and Structure | |
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| Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Opening of Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Attachment of Oxidic Groups | |
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| Reactions of Carboxylic Groups Attached to Nanotubes | |
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| Fluorination | |
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| Amidation | |
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| Other Types of Covalent Bonding | |
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| Noncovalent Bonding | |
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| Dispersions in Oleum | |
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| Self-Assembly, Film, and Fiber Formation | |
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| Filling the Inner Cavity of Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| In Situ Filling | |
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| Post-Processing Filling | |
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| Reactions inside Nanotube | |
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| The Structure of Crystals inside Nanotubes | |
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| Adsorption and Storage of Gases | |
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| Hydrogen Problem | |
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| Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors | |
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| Attachment of Biomolecules | |
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| Biosensors | |
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| Others Fields of Application | |
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| Nanotubes as Templates | |
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| Substitution of the Carbon Atoms of Nanotubes | |
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| Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Intercalation of "Guest" Moieties | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Preface | |
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| Graphite Whiskers and Cones | |
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| Synthetic Whiskers and Cones | |
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| Occurrence of Graphite Whiskers and Cones in Nature | |
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| Structure: Geometrical Considerations | |
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| Properties and Applications | |
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| Graphite Polyhedral Crystals - Polygonal Multiwall Tubes | |
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| Synthesis | |
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| Structure of Polygonal Tubes | |
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| Properties and Applications | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Nanocrystalline Diamond | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stability of Nanodiamond | |
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| Types of Nanodiamond and Methods of Their Synthesis | |
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| Zero-Dimensional Nanodiamond Structures | |
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| One-Dimensional Nanodiamond Structures | |
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| Two-Dimensional Nanodiamond Structures | |
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| Three-Dimensional Nanodiamond Structures | |
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| Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Particulate Produced by Explosive Detonation | |
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| Synthesis and Properties | |
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| Applications of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Particulate | |
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| Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films Produced by Chemical Vapor Deposition | |
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| Carbide-Derived Diamond-Structured Carbon | |
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| Medical and Biological Applications of Nanodiamond | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Carbide-Derived Carbon | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Selective Etching of Carbides by Halogens | |
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| Chlorination of Carbides for Production of Chlorides | |
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| Thermodynamic Simulations | |
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| Historic Overview of Carbide-Derived Carbon Studies | |
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| Kinetics of Halogenation of Carbides | |
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| Conservation of Shape | |
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| Nanoporous Structure and Adsorption Properties | |
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| Analysis of CDC Structure | |
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| Selective Etching of Carbides by Melts and Supercritical Water | |
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| Reaction of Calcium Carbide with Inorganic Salts | |
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| Hydrothermal Leaching of Carbides | |
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| Thermal Decomposition of Carbides | |
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| Carbon Structure and Conservation of Shape | |
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| Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Onions | |
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| Applications | |
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| Supercapacitors | |
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| Hydrogen Storage | |
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| Methane Storage | |
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| Lithium-Ion Batteries | |
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| Pt Catalyst on CDC Support | |
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| Tribological Coatings | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| One-Dimensional Semiconductor and Oxide Nanostructures | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Strategies for the Synthesis of 1-D Nanostructures | |
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| Metal Nanoclusters: Facilitating 1-D Growth | |
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| Laser-Assisted Metal-Catalyzed Nanowire Growth | |
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| Metal-Catalyzed Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth | |
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| Vapor-Solid-Solid Growth | |
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| Catalyst-Free Vapor-Phase Growth | |
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| Chemical Solution-Based Growth | |
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| Template-Assisted Growth | |
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| Selected Other Methods | |
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| Hierarchal Complexity in 1-D Nanostructures | |
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| Control of Diameter and Diameter Dispersion | |
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| Control of Shape: Novel Topologies | |
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| Other Binary Oxide 1-D Nanostructures | |
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| Hierarchal 1-D Nanostructures | |
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| Axial and Radial Modulation of Composition and Doping | |
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| Selected Properties and Applications | |
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| Mechanical and Thermal Properties and Phonon Transport | |
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| Electronic Properties of Nanowires | |
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| Optical Properties of Nanowires | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Materials of Metal Dichalcogenide and Related Layered Compounds | |
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| Preface | |
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| Synthesis of Inorganic Nanotubes | |
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| Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Structures Studied by Computational Methods | |
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| Study of the Properties of Inorganic Nanotubes in Relation to Their Applications | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Boron Nitride Nanotubes: Synthesis and Structure | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structures of Boron Nitride Nanotubes | |
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| Hexagonal Boron Nitride | |
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| Boron Nitride Nanotube Structure | |
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| Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Boron Nitride Nanotube Chirality | |
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| Synthesis Methods of Boron Nitride Nanotubes | |
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| Arc Discharge and Arc Melting | |
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| Laser-Assisted Method | |
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| Ball Milling and Annealing | |
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| Carbon Nanotube Substitution | |
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| Chemical Vapor Deposition and Other Thermal Methods | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Sintering of Nanoceramics | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Powder Compact | |
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| Sintering | |
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| Sintering Additives | |
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| Hot Pressing and Sinter Forging | |
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| Spark Plasma Sintering | |
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| Transformation Sintering | |
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| Two-Step Sintering | |
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| Two-Step Sintering of Y[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Nanoceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sintering of Y[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] | |
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| Kinetics of Constant Structure Sintering | |
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| Two-Step Sintering of Other Functional and Structural Ceramics | |
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| BaTiO[subscript 3] Ceramics | |
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| NiCuZn Ferrite | |
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| ZnO Varistor | |
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| SiC Ceramics | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Nanolayered or Kinking Nonlinear Elastic Solids | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Kinking in Crystalline Solids | |
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| Kinking Nonlinear Elastic Solids | |
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| Theoretical Aspects of Spherical Nanoindentations | |
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| Nanoindentation Results on KNE Solids | |
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| Sapphire | |
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| The MAX Phases | |
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| Graphite | |
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| Mica | |
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| Hexagonal Boron Nitride | |
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| Bulk vs. Nanoindentation Results | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Nanocrystalline High-Melting Point Carbides, Borides, and Nitrides | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ultrafine Powder, Amorphous Precursors, Nanotubes, and Nanowires | |
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| General Characteristics | |
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| Silicon Carbide and Silicon Nitride | |
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| Aluminium Nitride, Boron Nitride, and Boron Carbide | |
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| Tungsten Carbide, Titanium Carbide (Nitride, Boride), and Related Compounds | |
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| Properties of UFP and Nanotubes | |
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| Nanocrystalline Bulks | |
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| General Characteristic of Consolidation | |
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| Structure and Properties | |
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| Nanocrystalline Films and Coatings | |
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| General Characteristics of Preparation | |
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| Film Structure and Content | |
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| Properties | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Nanostructured Oxide Superconductors | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Superconductor Parameters and Magnetic Flux Pinning | |
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| Design of Flux Pinning Centers | |
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| Superconductor Materials with Crystalline Defects | |
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| Point Defects | |
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| Dislocations and Grain Boundaries | |
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| Irradiation Defects | |
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| Superconductor Matrix-Based Composites | |
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| Formation of Composites | |
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| Composites: Superconductor Matrix - Secondary-Phase Inclusions | |
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| Composites: Superconductor Matrix - Foreign-Phase Inclusions | |
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| Composites Obtained by Superconductor Phase Decomposition | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Electrochemical Deposition of Nanostructured Metals | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Compositionally Modulated Multilayer | |
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| Nanowires, Pillars, and Tubes | |
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| Nanowires | |
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| Pillars | |
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| Nanotubes | |
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| Nanoparticulate Materials | |
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| Nanoparticles | |
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| Metal-Matrix Nanocomposites | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Mechanical Behavior of Nanocrystalline Metals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Characterization Techniques | |
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| Mechanical Behavior | |
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| Microstructural Characterization | |
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| Mechanical Response | |
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| Strength | |
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| Tensile Ductility | |
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| Work Hardening | |
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| Strain Rate Sensitivity | |
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| Localized Deformation | |
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| Cryogenic Behavior | |
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| Creep and Superplasticity | |
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| Fatigue and Fracture | |
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| Deformation Mechanisms | |
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| Extensions of Microscale Deformation Mechanisms | |
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| Observed Deformation Mechanisms for Nanocrystalline Metals | |
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| Collective Response | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Grain Boundaries in Nanomaterials | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Specific Structural Features of Grain Boundaries in Nanocrystalline Materials | |
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| Effects of Grain Boundaries on Plastic Flow in Nanocrystalline Materials: General View | |
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| Competition between Lattice Dislocation Slip and Grain Boundary Diffusional Creep (Coble Creep) in Nanocrystalline Materials | |
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| Grain Boundary Sliding and High-Strain-Rate Superplasticity in Nanocrystalline Materials | |
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| Grain Growth Processes in Nanocrystalline Material | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Nanofiber Technology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Electrospinning Process | |
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| Key Processing Parameters | |
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| Nanofiber Yarns and Fabrics Formation | |
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| Potential Applications of Electrospun Fibers | |
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| Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds | |
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| Nanofibers for Chemical/Bio Protective Membranes | |
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| Nanocomposite Fibers for Structural Applications | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Nanotubes in Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nanocomposite Fabrication and Nanotube Alignment | |
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| Mechanical Properties | |
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| Thermal and Rheological Properties | |
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| Electrical Conductivity | |
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| Thermal Conductivity and Flammability | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Nanoporous Polymers - Design and Applications | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Design of Nanoporous Polymers | |
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| No Porogen | |
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| Templates | |
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| Solvent As Porogen | |
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| TIPS | |
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| DIPS | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Foaming | |
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| PIPS | |
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| Microemulsion Systems | |
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| Miscible Systems | |
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| Potential Applications for Nanoporous Polymers | |
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| Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells | |
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| Separation Membranes | |
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| Template for Nanostructures/Nanomaterials Synthesis | |
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| Nanocomposites | |
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| Conclusions and Future Direction | |
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| References | |
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| Nanotechnology and Biomaterials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nanotechnology in Biomaterials Science | |
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| Current Research Efforts to Improve Biomedical Performance at the Nanoscale | |
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| Soft Biomaterials | |
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| Structural Characteristics | |
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| Surface Properties | |
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| Biomimetics | |
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| Nanoscale Biopolymer Carriers | |
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| Ceramic Nanomaterials | |
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| Increased Osteoblast Functions | |
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| Increased Osteoclast Functions | |
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| Decreased Competitive Cell Functions | |
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| Increased Osteoblast Functions on Nanofibrous Materials | |
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| Metal Nanomaterials | |
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| Polymeric Nanomaterials | |
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| Composite Nanomaterials | |
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| Areas of Application | |
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| Drug Delivery | |
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| Tissue Engineering | |
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| Biological Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems | |
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| Considerations and Future Directions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Synthesis of Solid Nanoparticles | |
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| Processing Parameters | |
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| Surfactant/Stabilizer | |
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| Type of Polymer | |
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| Polymer Choice | |
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| Polymer Molecular Weight | |
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| Collection Method | |
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| Characterization | |
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| Size and Encapsulation Efficiency | |
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| Zeta Potential | |
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| Surface Modification | |
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| Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems | |
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| Liposomes | |
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| Polymeric Micelles | |
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| Worm-Like Micelles | |
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| Polymersomes | |
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| Targeted Drug Delivery Using Nanoparticles | |
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| Oral Delivery | |
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| Brain Delivery | |
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| Arterial Delivery | |
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| Tumor Therapy | |
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| Lymphatic System and Vaccines | |
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| Pulmonary Delivery | |
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| Drug Release | |
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| Mechanisms | |
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| Release Characteristics | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Nanostructured Materials for Field Emission Devices | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction to Field Emission and Criteria for Practical Electron Sources | |
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| Carbon Nanomaterial Based Cold Cathodes | |
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| Field Emission from Different Types of Amorphous Carbon | |
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| Polymer-Like Amorphous Carbon Films | |
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| Diamond-Like Amorphous Carbon Films | |
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| Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Films | |
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| Graphite-Like Amorphous Carbon Films | |
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| Nanocomposite Amorphous Carbon Films | |
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| Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Thin Films | |
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| Field Emission and Dielectric Inhomogeneity | |
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| Field Emission as a Function of Conditioning | |
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| Surface Modifications | |
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| Summary and Outlook for the Future | |
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| References | |
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| Tribology of Nanostructured and Composite Coatings | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Recent Advances in Deposition Technologies | |
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| Hybrid Deposition Processes | |
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| Control of Process Parameters | |
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| Modern Coating Practices | |
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| Structure and Mechanical Properties | |
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| Tribology of Nanostructured and Composite Films | |
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| Self-Lubricating Nanocomposite Coatings | |
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| Superhard Nanocomposite Films | |
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| Nanostructured Carbon Films | |
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| Novel Design Concepts for Self-Lubricating Nanocomposite Films for High-Temperature Applications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Nanotextured Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage | |
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| General Properties of Carbons for Energy Storage | |
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| Supercapacitors | |
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| Performance of Supercapacitors | |
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| Carbons for Pure Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors | |
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| Electrochemical Capacitors from Carbons with Pseudocapacitance Properties | |
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| Carbon Nanotubes as a Composite Component | |
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| Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mechanism of Reversible Hydrogen Insertion | |
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| Conclusions and Perspectives | |
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| References | |
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| Low-Dimensional Thermoelectricity | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phenomenological Theory for Transport in Different Dimensionalities | |
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| Two-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials: Quantum Wells | |
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| One-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials: Quantum Wires | |
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| Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials | |
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| Segmented Superlattice Quantum Wires | |
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| Quantum-Dot Superlattices | |
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| Quantum Dots between Quantum-Point Contacts | |
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| Other Related Topics | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |