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| Preface | |
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| The Nature of Public Budgeting | |
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| What Is Public Budgeting? | |
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| What Are Budgets Expected to Do? | |
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| Setting Goals and Priorities | |
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| Linking Goals to Actions | |
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| Managing the Economy | |
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| Promoting Accountability | |
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| Controlling the Use of Public Resources | |
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| Promoting Efficiency and Effectiveness | |
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| Social Planning and Reform | |
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| Keeping the Process Manageable | |
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| Theories of Public Budgeting | |
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| Incrementalism | |
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| Rational Decision Making | |
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| Political Influence | |
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| Economics Shapes Budgets | |
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| Procedures Shape Budgets | |
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| Budget Strategies | |
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| Cultivating Clientele Support | |
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| Gaining the Trust of Others | |
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| Documenting a Need | |
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| Looking for Sympathetic Decision Makers | |
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| Coping with Painful Actions | |
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| The "Camel's Nose" | |
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| Making the Program Appear Self-Supporting | |
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| Capitalizing on Temporary Circumstances | |
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| Deception and Confusion | |
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| Minimizing the Risk of Future Cuts | |
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| Coping with Complexity and Conflict | |
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| Incrementalism | |
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| Fair Shares | |
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| Separate Pools | |
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| Division of Labor | |
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| Avoiding Programmatic Decisions | |
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| Postponement | |
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| Assumptions behind Coping Mechanisms | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| Government Revenues, Spending, and Borrowing: A Brief Overview | |
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| Growing Revenues and Expenditures | |
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| Accounting for Growth | |
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| Where the Money Comes from and Where It Goes | |
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| The National Level | |
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| The State Level | |
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| The Local Level | |
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| Intergovernmental Grants | |
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| The Growth of Government Debt | |
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| The Consequences of More Spending | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| The Budget Cycle: A Brief Introduction | |
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| Preparing a Budget Proposal | |
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| Enacting the Budget | |
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| Budget Execution | |
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| Review and Audit | |
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| Linkages across Budget Cycles | |
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| Within a Government | |
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| Across Different Governments | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| Budget Preparation | |
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| The Format of the Budget Proposal | |
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| Lump Sum Budgeting | |
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| Object-of-Expenditure Budgeting | |
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| Performance Budgeting | |
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| Program Budgeting | |
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| Zero-Based Budgeting | |
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| Some Lessons from Experimenting with Different Budget Formats | |
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| Formulating the Proposal: Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Processes | |
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| Bottom-Up Processes | |
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| Top-Down Processes | |
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| Choosing a Process | |
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| Administrative Agencies in the Formulation Process | |
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| The President and Budget Proposals | |
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| The Changing Presidential Role | |
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| The Bureau of the Budget | |
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| The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) | |
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| Congress and Budget Formulation | |
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| Formulating Budget Proposals at the State and Local Levels | |
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| State Formulation | |
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| Local Formulation | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| Techniques of Budgetary Analysis | |
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| Forecasting: A Vital Task | |
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| Methods of Forecasting | |
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| Naive Projection | |
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| Simple Extrapolation | |
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| Time-Series Techniques | |
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| Multivariate Time-Series Analysis | |
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| Delphi Technique | |
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| Types of Policy Analysis | |
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| Needs Assessment | |
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| Specifying Goals and Values | |
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| Program Evaluation | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| Budget Adoption | |
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| Some Important Aspects of Budget Adoption | |
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| Budget Adoption in the National Government | |
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| Early Developments | |
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| The Middle Phase | |
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| The Recent Experience | |
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| Budget Adoption in the States | |
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| Major Developments | |
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| Complications in State Budgeting | |
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| Budget Adoption at the Local Level | |
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| Accounting for Adoption Decisions in Budgeting | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| Budget Execution | |
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| Modifying the Budget after It Is Adopted | |
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| Increasing Funding | |
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| Cutting the Budget | |
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| Reallocating Funds | |
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| Implementing the Budget: Some Nuts and Bolts | |
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| Apportionment and Allotment | |
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| Preaudits | |
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| Prior Approvals | |
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| Monitoring and Updating | |
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| An Anticipated Control: The Postaudit | |
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| Government-Sponsored Enterprises and Budgetary Implementation | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| Financial Management | |
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| Capital Budgeting | |
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| Techniques of Capital Budgeting | |
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| The Capital Improvement Plan | |
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| Financial Analysis | |
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| Reconciliation | |
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| Problematic Aspects of Capital Budgeting | |
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| Auditing and Accounting | |
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| Uses of Auditing and Accounting | |
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| Potential Problems | |
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| Some Changing Emphases | |
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| Debt Administration | |
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| The National Government | |
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| State and Local Government Debt | |
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| Cash Management | |
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| Some General Guidelines for Money Management | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| The Economy and the Budget | |
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| How the Economy Affects Government Budgets | |
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| Short-Term Economic Forces | |
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| Long-Term Economic Forces | |
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| Public Budgeting's Impact on the Economy | |
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| The Allocation Function | |
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| The Distribution Function | |
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| The Stabilization Function | |
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| Perspectives on the Role of Government in Shaping the Economy | |
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| Laissez-Faire | |
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| Mercantilism | |
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| Keynesian Economics | |
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| Supply-Side Economics | |
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| Tools for Stabilizing the Economy | |
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| Monetary Policy | |
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| Fiscal Policy | |
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| Promoting Economic Growth | |
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| Public Relations | |
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| Credit Assistance | |
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| Tax Reductions | |
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| Infrastructure Improvements | |
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| Foreign Trade Missions | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| Intergovernmental Aspects of Public Budgeting | |
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| Why Have Multiple Governments? | |
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| Problems with Budgeting with Multiple Governments | |
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| Intergovernmental Grants | |
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| Types of Intergovernmental Grants | |
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| The Impact of Grants | |
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| Other Financial Relationships among Levels of Government | |
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| Horizontal Dynamics in Fiscal Federalism | |
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| Mandates | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| The Frustration of Budget Reform | |
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| The Budget Reform Cycle | |
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| The Item Veto | |
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| Balanced Budget Laws | |
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| Gramm-Rudman-Hollings | |
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| The Appropriations Committees as a Budget Reform | |
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| Budget Reforms and Budget Reality: A Mismatch | |
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| Budget Reform as a Case of Institutional Nonlearning | |
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| The Wright Brothers Phenomenon | |
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| Reform as a Delaying Tactic | |
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| Reform as a Symbolic "Remedy" | |
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| Concluding Thoughts | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |