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| Overview | |
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| Traditional Laser Safety | |
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| Life Cycle | |
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| The Laser or Laser System's Capability of Injuring Personnel | |
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| The Beam Path of the Laser System | |
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| The Interaction of the Laser Beam with its Intended Target | |
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| The Environment in which the Laser is Used | |
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| The Personnel Who May Use or be Exposed to Laser Radiation | |
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| Additional Life Cycle Elements | |
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| Design | |
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| Disposal | |
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| Classification | |
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| Time Base for Classification | |
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| Responsibilities | |
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| Management | |
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| Laser Safety Officer or Advisor | |
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| Research Group Leader or Supervisor | |
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| Employees | |
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| Field Service Staff and Vendors | |
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| Probabilistic Risk Assessment | |
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| Biological Effects: Why We Care About Laser Exposure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Eye | |
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| Parts of the Human Eye | |
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| Blink and Aversion Response | |
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| Where Laser Radiation Goes | |
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| Signs of Eye Exposure | |
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| Damage Mechanisms | |
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| Electromechanical and Acoustic Damage | |
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| Photoablation | |
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| Thermal Damage | |
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| Photochemical Damage | |
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| Laser Radiation Effects on Skin | |
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| Epidermis | |
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| Dermis | |
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| Subcutaneous Tissue | |
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| Tissue Optics | |
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| Scattering Cellular Structures | |
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| The Laser Safety Officer: The Key to Laser Safety | |
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| The Effective LSO Gets Out and Walks Laser Use Space | |
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| Laser Safety Committee | |
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| Inventory | |
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| Training | |
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| Signs | |
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| Warning Lights | |
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| Audits | |
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| Posting and Labeling | |
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| Beam Enclosures | |
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| Open Path Walkway | |
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| Protective Eyewear | |
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| Beam Containment | |
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| Fiber Optics | |
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| Housekeeping | |
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| Standard Operating Procedures: A Binding Safety Contract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| SOP Flow | |
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| The PI or Responsible Individual Develops the Draft SOP | |
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| The SOP Must Have a Complete and Accurate Work Description | |
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| Hazards Must be Clearly and Completely Identified | |
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| Sample Format | |
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| General Information | |
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| Description of Activity | |
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| Identification of Hazards | |
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| Mitigation of Hazards | |
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| Hazardous Material Handling | |
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| Hazardous Waste | |
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| Emergency Procedures | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| Authorized Users and Training | |
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| Follow-Up to the SOP | |
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| Preparation for Alignment | |
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| Alignment Methods to be Used for This Laser | |
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| Laser Control Boilerplates | |
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| General Laser Controls | |
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| Sample Laser SOP1 | |
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| Laser Safety Contacts | |
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| Laser Description | |
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| Laser Safety Program | |
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| Operating Procedures | |
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| Control Measures | |
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| Personnel Protection Equipment | |
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| Operator Review | |
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| Laser and Laser System SOP Guidelines | |
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| Practical Tools for Laser Safety and Traps to Avoid | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Laser Safety "Tool Box" Wish List | |
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| Laser Hazard Evaluation Software | |
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| Warning Signs and Labels | |
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| Digital Camera | |
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| Laser Eyewear Samples | |
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| Resource Material | |
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| Transition Zone Between the LSO and Laser System Users | |
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| Beam Alignment and Viewing Aids | |
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| Viewers | |
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| Sensor Cards | |
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| Optical Glass Sensors | |
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| Beam Blocks and Dumps | |
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| Beam Containment Enclosures | |
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| Curtains | |
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| Active Barriers | |
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| Room Access Interlocks | |
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| Illuminated Warning Signs | |
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| Power Meters | |
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| Detectors | |
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| Laser Safety Traps | |
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| 800-nm Iceberg | |
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| Reflections: Visible or Invisible | |
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| Housekeeping | |
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| Fiber Optics | |
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| The Laser-Safety Management Program | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Benefits of the Laser-Safety Management Program | |
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| File Structure | |
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| Institutional Binder Sections | |
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| Standard Operation Procedures | |
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| Training and Authorized Worker List | |
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| Interlock Checks | |
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| Alignment Procedures | |
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| Audits and Self-Assessment Reports | |
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| Material Safety Data Sheets and URL | |
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| Checklists | |
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| Engineering Safety Notes | |
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| Contact List | |
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| ES&H Chapters | |
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| Lessons Learned | |
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| Emergency Procedures | |
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| Miscellaneous | |
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| Optional Additions | |
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| Institutional Binders | |
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| Safety Structure | |
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| Safety Committee | |
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| Standards and Regulations | |
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| Training | |
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| Audit Procedure and Records | |
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| Risk Assessments | |
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| Control Measures | |
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| Incident Investigation | |
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| External Liaison | |
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| Miscellaneous | |
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| Sample Forms | |
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| Sample Safety Check List | |
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| Laser Safety Training | |
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| User Training | |
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| Awareness Training | |
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| Class 1M, Class 2M, and Class 3R Awareness Training | |
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| On-the-Job Safety Training | |
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| Exploring Training Options | |
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| Videotapes | |
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| Text-Based Training | |
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| Computer-Based Training | |
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| Web-Based Training | |
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| Lecture (Classroom Style) Training | |
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| New Training Suggestion: A Laser Lessons Learned Class | |
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| Refresher Training | |
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| Laser Quizzes | |
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| Sample Questions | |
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| The Training Matrix | |
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| Laser Pointer Awareness | |
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| Personnel Protection Equipment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Full Attenuation | |
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| Visual Light Transmission | |
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| Comfort and Fit | |
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| Damage Threshold Considerations | |
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| Side Shields | |
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| Prescriptions | |
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| Sensor Card Use | |
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| Weight | |
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| Labeling | |
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| Ultrafast Lasers | |
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| Additional Considerations | |
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| Partial Attenuation (Alignment Eyewear) | |
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| Additional PPE | |
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| Protective Windows | |
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| Laser Curtains | |
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| Laser Accidents | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Alignment Activities | |
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| Preparation for Alignment | |
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| Alignment Considerations | |
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| Alignment Conclusion | |
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| Failure to Wear Protective Eyewear | |
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| Solution | |
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| Electrical Hazards Overlooked | |
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| Additional Hazards and Solutions | |
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| Improper Restoration of Lasers after Servicing | |
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| Lack of Planning | |
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| Solution | |
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| Checklist for Developing a Checklist | |
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| Wearing the Wrong Eyewear and Improper Fit | |
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| Eyewear Failure | |
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| Fatigue and Stress | |
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| Fatigue | |
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| Stress | |
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| Workplace Culture | |
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| Solution | |
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| To Whom Are These Accidents Happening? | |
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| The Perceived Incident | |
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| Accident Investigation | |
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| Who Should Lead the Accident Investigation? | |
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| Who and How Many People Should Investigate an Accident? | |
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| Should the Immediate Supervisor be on the Team? | |
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| How Do You Make Sure that Investigators Are Impartial? | |
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| Reason for the Investigation: Why Are We Doing This? | |
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| Summary of Investigation Steps | |
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| Physical Evidence | |
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| Task | |
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| Equipment Issues | |
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| Environmental Factors | |
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| Human Factors | |
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| Management | |
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| Gather Background Information | |
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| Eyewitness Accounts | |
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| Written Report: Not Finished Until the Paperwork Is Done | |
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| Why Should Recommendations Be Made? | |
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| What Should Be Done if the Investigation Reveals Human Error? | |
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| Not Every Laser Accident Involves an Eye or Skin Injury | |
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| Typical Laser Pointer Incidents | |
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| Guidance for Laser Pointer Use | |
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| Examples of Laser Accidents | |
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| Medical Device Report (MDR) Report Key 397304, Report Number 1218402-2002-00019 | |
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| Access Number M320116, MDR Database | |
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| Access Number M751889, MDR Databae | |
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| Access Number M817394, MDR Database | |
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| ORPS Report CH-AA-ANLE-ANLEER-1999-0005 | |
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| From the Military Database | |
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| Data from the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System Database | |
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| Fire Case #1 | |
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| Fire Case #2 | |
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| Fire Case #3 | |
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| Lubricant Fire | |
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| Range Finder | |
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| Bystander Observes Diffuse Beam During Laser Operation | |
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| Other Laser Accidents | |
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| Laser Accident Action Plan | |
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| General Guidance for Suspected Eye Injury | |
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| Medical Facility | |
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| Can Laser Accidents Be Prevented? | |
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| An Explanation of Control Measures | |
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| Administrative Controls | |
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| For the Institution | |
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| Policy | |
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| Research Lab Administrative Controls | |
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| Standard Operating Procedures | |
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| Education and Training | |
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| Authorized Personnel (Class 1M, 2M, 3R, and 4) | |
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| Alignment Procedures (All Classes Except Class 1) | |
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| Protective Equipment | |
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| Designation of Areas: Warning Signs and Labels | |
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| Spectators (Class 3B and Class 4) | |
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| Laser Radiation Transmitted by Optical Fiber | |
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| Laser Robotic Installations | |
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| Engineering Controls | |
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| Access Control (Interlocks) | |
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| Illuminated and Visible Warning Devices | |
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| Beam Enclosures | |
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| Temporary Laser Controlled Area | |
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| Laser Area Warning Signs | |
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| Engineering Control Measures | |
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| Protective Housings | |
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| Operating a Laser without Protective Housing | |
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| Interlocks on Removable Protective Housings (All Classes) | |
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| Service Access Panels (All Classes) | |
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| Viewing Windows, Display Screens, and Collecting Optics | |
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| Limited Open Beam Path (Class 3B and Class 4) | |
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| Remote Interlock Connector (Class 3B and Class 4) | |
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| Beam Stop or Attenuator (Class 3B or Class 4) | |
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| Laser Area Warning Signs and Activation Warnings | |
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| Laser Outdoor Controls (All Classes) | |
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| Use of Lasers in Navigable Airspace | |
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| Temporary Laser Controlled Area (All Classes) | |
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| Controlled Operation (Class 4) | |
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| Equipment Labels (All Classes) | |
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| U.S. and European Regulations and Standards | |
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| Introduction | |
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| User Regulations | |
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| The Occupational and Safety Health Administration | |
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| Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) | |
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| State Regulations | |
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| User Standards | |
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| Manufacturer Regulations | |
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| Product Filing | |
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| Original Electronic Manufacturers | |
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| Laser Light Shows | |
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| CDRH Databases | |
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| Medical Products | |
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| British Regulations and Standards | |
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| Standards Versus Legislation | |
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| Legislation | |
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| Regulations Under the Act | |
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| British Standards | |
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| Guidance Notes | |
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| Laser Safety Officer | |
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| Obtaining the Documents Cited | |
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| Laser Safety Calculations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Converting between Irradiance and Radiant Exposure | |
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| The Accessible Emission Limit | |
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| Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) | |
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| Repetitively Pulsed Lasers | |
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| Extended Source Viewing | |
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| Diffuse Reflections | |
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| The Nominal Hazard Zone | |
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| Optical Density | |
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| Choosing Exposure Duration Times | |
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| Visible Wavelengths (400 to 700 nm): 0.25 sec | |
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| Near Infrared Wavelengths (700 to 1400 nm): 10 sec | |
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| Diffuse Reflections (Invisible Wavelengths): 600 sec | |
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| Ultraviolet Wavelengths: 30,000 sec | |
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| Limiting Aperture Note | |
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| Nonbeam Hazards | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Listing of Nonbeam Hazards | |
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| Electrical Hazards | |
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| Good Practice Guidelines for Electrical Hazards | |
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| Potential Electric Hazard Problems | |
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| Physical Hazards | |
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| Cryogenic Fluids | |
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| Radio Frequency (RF) | |
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| Plasma Emissions | |
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| UV and Visible Radiation | |
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| Explosion Hazard | |
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| Ionizing Radiation (X-Rays) | |
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| Noise | |
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| Chemical Hazards | |
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| Laser Dyes | |
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| Compressed and Toxic Gases | |
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| Fumes, Vapors, and Laser-Generated Air Contaminants from Beam-Target Interaction | |
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| Fire Hazards | |
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| Ergonomics and Human Factors | |
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| Seismic Safety | |
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| Area Illumination | |
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| Mechanical Hazards | |
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| Robotics | |
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| Supplemental Electrical Safety Section | |
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| Life-Threatening Effects | |
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| Burns | |
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| Delayed Effects | |
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| Critical Path | |
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| Influential Variables | |
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| Practical Control Measures | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Laser Basics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is a Laser? | |
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| Laser Theory and Operation | |
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| Components of A Laser | |
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| Types of Lasers | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |