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| Preface | |
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| Symbols and fundamental constants | |
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| What is spectroscopy? | |
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| A semiclassical description of spectroscopy | |
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| Damped harmonics | |
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| Quantum oscillators | |
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| The spectroscopic experiment | |
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| Ensembles and coherence | |
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| Types of spectroscopy | |
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| Practical considerations in spectroscopy | |
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| Acquiring a spectrum | |
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| Resolution: the problem of line width | |
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| Line shape | |
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| Problems | |
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| Elementary aspects of NMR: I. Introduction to spins, ensemble behavior and coupling | |
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| Nuclear and electronic spin | |
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| The quantum picture of nuclear spin | |
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| The "spinning top" model of nuclear spin | |
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| Spin-state populations in ensembles | |
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| Nuclear shielding and chemical shift | |
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| Scalar coupling | |
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| Dipolar coupling | |
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| Dynamics | |
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| J-coupling time scale, decoupling experiments and exchange decoupling | |
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| Interaction between nuclear spins and radio-frequency (RF) EMR: 1. RF decoupling | |
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| Problems | |
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| Elementary aspects of NMR: II. Fourier transform NMR | |
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| Interaction between nuclear spins and RF: 2. A single spin in the rotating frame of reference | |
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| Interaction between nuclear spins and RF: 3. An ensemble of spins in the rotating frame of reference | |
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| Detection of an NMR signal | |
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| Time-domain detection in the NMR experiment: the free induction decay and quadrature detection | |
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| Digitization of the free induction decay | |
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| Fourier transformation: time-domain FID to frequency-domain spectrum | |
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| Discrete Fourier transformation | |
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| Spectral phasing | |
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| RF pulses and pulse phase | |
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| Pulse power and off-resonance effects from RF pulses | |
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| Phase cycling: improved quadrature detection using CYCLOPS | |
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| Factors affecting spectral quality and appearance: shimming, window functions and apodization | |
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| After the fact: window functions and zero filling | |
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| Linear prediction | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Nuclear spin relaxation and the nuclear Overhauser effect | |
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| Longitudinal (T[subscript 1]) relaxation and the sensitivity of the NMR experiment | |
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| Transverse (T[subscript 2]) relaxation and the spin-echo experiment | |
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| Chemical shift and J-coupling evolution during the spin echo | |
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| Mechanisms of nuclear spin relaxation in liquids and the spectral density function | |
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| Dipolar relaxation and the nuclear Overhauser effect | |
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| NOE measurements, indirect NOEs and saturation transfer | |
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| Heteronuclear NOE and the Solomon equation | |
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| Other contributions to T[subscript 1] relaxation: chemical shift anisotropy, spin-rotation and paramagnetic effects | |
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| Quadrupolar relaxation | |
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| Selective and nonselective T[subscript 1] measurement and multi-exponential decay of coherence | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Classical and quantum descriptions of NMR experiments in liquids | |
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| The classical approach: the Bloch equations of motion for macroscopic magnetization | |
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| Classical description of a pulsed NMR experiment | |
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| A quantum mechanical description of NMR of a single spin in an isotropic liquid | |
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| A quantum mechanical description of NMR of coupled spins in an isotropic liquid | |
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| The time-dependent nuclear spin Hamiltonian operator and solutions to the time-dependent Schrodinger equation | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Density operator and product operator descriptions of NMR experiments in liquids | |
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| An ensemble of identical spins at equilibrium: an introduction to the density matrix formalism | |
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| Expansion of the density matrix for an uncoupled spin in terms of Cartesian angular momentum operators | |
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| Weakly coupled ensembles and the weak-coupling approximation | |
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| Single-element operators for a two-spin system | |
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| Interconversion between the single-element and the Cartesian operator bases | |
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| Evolution of Cartesian operators under the influence of pulses, chemical shift and J-coupling | |
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| Evolution of operators with weak J-coupling | |
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| Analysis of a simple NMR spectrum using product operators | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Multidimensional NMR: homonuclear experiments and coherence selection | |
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| A simple two-dimensional NMR experiment | |
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| Coherence transfer in multidimensional NMR | |
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| The COSY experiment | |
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| Quadrature detection in multidimensional NMR | |
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| Axial peaks | |
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| Phase cycling and coherence order selection: the DQF-COSY experiment | |
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| Other multiple-quantum filters in COSY | |
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| Multiple-quantum spectroscopy | |
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| Effect of [pi] pulses on coherence | |
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| Pulsed-field gradients for coherence selection | |
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| The gradient COSY experiment | |
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| "Zero-quantum filtered COSY": NOESY and incoherent transfer | |
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| Rotating frame NOEs: CAMELSPIN and ROESY | |
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| Spin-locking experiments for coherence transfer: TOCSY and composite pulse decoupling | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Heteronuclear correlations in NMR | |
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| Heteronuclear polarization transfer and the INEPT experiment | |
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| Refocused INEPT | |
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| Two-dimensional polarization transfer: HETCOR | |
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| Sensitive nucleus (inverse) detection of an insensitive nucleus: the double INEPT or HSQC experiment | |
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| Multiple-quantum approaches to heteronuclear correlation: DEPT and HMQC | |
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| Gradient coherence selection in heteronuclear correlation NMR | |
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| Phase-sensitive gradient coherence selection experiments for heteronuclear correlations | |
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| Sensitivity enhancement in gradient coherence selection experiments | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Building blocks for multidimensional NMR and special considerations for biological applications of NMR | |
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| Polarization transfer | |
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| Solvent suppression | |
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| Frequency-labeling periods and constant time NMR experiments | |
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| Shaped and selective pulses | |
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| Composite pulse decoupling and spin-locking | |
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| Dealing with very large biomolecules in solution: deuteration and direct [superscript 13]C detection | |
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| Interference patterns in heteronuclear relaxation: TROSY | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| NMR under anisotropic conditions: NMR in the solid state and ordered fluids | |
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| Anisotropy in NMR: chemical shielding and dipolar coupling | |
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| Resolving the solid-state NMR spectrum: magic angle spinning (MAS) and high-power [superscript 1]H decoupling | |
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| Cross-polarization for signal enhancement of dilute spins and spin-spin correlations | |
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| Selective reintroduction of dipolar couplings between dilute spins: rotational resonance, RFDR, and REDOR | |
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| Heteronuclear two-dimensional techniques in solid-state NMR | |
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| Solid-state NMR using oriented samples: PISEMA | |
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| Bringing a little order to solution NMR: residual dipolar couplings and CSA in ordered fluids | |
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| Analysis of residual dipolar couplings | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Relaxation revisited: dynamic processes and paramagnetism | |
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| Time scales of molecular motion, dynamic processes and relaxation | |
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| The spectral density revisited | |
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| Experimental measurement of heteronuclear relaxation parameters in proteins | |
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| Model-free analysis of spin relaxation | |
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| Chemical exchange and motion on slow and intermediate time scales (10-[superscript 6] s-10-[superscript 1] s) | |
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| Measurement of R[subscript ex] | |
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| Quadrupolar relaxation | |
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| Hyperfine interactions and paramagnetic shifts of nuclear spins | |
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| Paramagnetic relaxation of nuclear spins | |
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| Relaxation and the density matrix | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Diffusion, imaging, and flow | |
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| Magnetic field inhomogeneity, T[subscript 2]([subscript macro]) and diffusion measurement by NMR | |
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| Basic imaging concepts: phase and frequency encoding of position in a macroscopic sample | |
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| Spatially selective pulses | |
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| Spatial equivalents of NMR parameters | |
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| Basic two-dimensional imaging sequences | |
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| k-Space | |
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| Contrast and contrast agents, relaxation, and flow | |
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| Rapid-scan MRI: echo-planar imaging and one-shot methods | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Time-dependent perturbations | |
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| The time-dependent Schrodinger equation and superposition states | |
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| Hilbert space, eigenvectors, and superposition of states | |
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| Perturbation theory: time-dependent perturbations of the Hamiltonian | |
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| Semiclassical interactions between EMR and quantum oscillators using perturbation theory | |
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| Density matrix formalism and the relaxation supermatrix | |
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| A density matrix description of the [superscript 1]H, [superscript 15]N HMQC experiment | |
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| RF pulses | |
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| Time evolution of the density matrix with chemical shift and coupling | |
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| Semiclassical relaxation theory and the Redfield relaxation matrix | |
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| Index | |