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| Preface | |
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| The Biology and Genetics of Cells and Organisms | |
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| Mendel establishes the basic rules of genetics | |
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| Mendelian genetics helps to explain Darwinian evolution | |
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| Mendelian genetics governs how both genes and chromosomes behave | |
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| Chromosomes are altered in most types of cancer cells | |
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| Mutations causing cancer occur in both the germ-line and the soma | |
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| Genotype embodied in DNA sequences creates phenotype through proteins | |
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| Gene expression patterns also control phenotype | |
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| Transcription factors control gene expression | |
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| Metazoa are formed from components conserved over vast evolutionary time periods | |
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| Gene cloning techniques revolutionized the study of normal and malignant cells | |
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| The Nature of Cancer | |
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| Tumors are complex tissues | |
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| Tumors arise from many specialized cell types throughout the body | |
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| Some types of tumors do not fit into the major classifications | |
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| Cancers seem to develop progressively | |
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| Tumors are monoclonal growths | |
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| Cancers occur with vastly different frequencies in different human populations | |
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| The risks of cancers often seem to be increased by assignable influences including lifestyle | |
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| Specific chemical agents can induce cancer 2.9 Both physical and chemical carcinogens act as mutagens | |
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| Mutagens may be responsible for some human cancers | |
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| Synopsis and prospects Essential Concepts Additional Reading | |
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| Tumor viruses | |
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| Peyton Rous discovers a chicken sarcoma virus | |
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| Rous sarcoma virus is discovered to transform infected cells in culture | |
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| The continued presence of RSV is needed to maintain transformation | |
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| Viruses containing DNA molecules are also able to induce cancer | |
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| Tumor viruses induce multiple changes in cell phenotype including acquisition of tumorigenicity | |
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| Tumor virus genomes persist in virus-transformed cells by becoming part of host cell DNA | |
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| Retroviral genomes become integrated into the chromosomes of infected cells | |
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| A version of the src gene carried by RSV is also present in uninfected cells | |
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| RSV exploits a kidnapped cellular gene to transform cells | |
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| The vertebrate genome carries a large group of proto-oncogenes | |
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| Slowly transforming retroviruses activate proto-oncogenes by inserting their genomes adjacent to these cellular genes | |
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| Some retroviruses naturally carry oncogenes | |
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| Synopsis and prospects Essential Concepts Additional Reading | |
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| Cellular oncogenes | |
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| Can cancers be triggered by the activation of endogenous retroviruses? | |
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| Transfection of DNA provides a strategy for detecting nonviral oncogenes | |
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| Oncogenes discovered in human tumor cell lines are related to those carried by transforming retroviruses | |
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| Proto-oncogenes can be activated by genetic changes affecting either protein expression or structure | |
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| Variations on a theme: the myc oncogene can arise via at least three additional distinct mechanisms | |
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| A diverse array of structural changes in proteins can also lead to oncogene activation | |
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| Synopsis and prospects Essential Concepts Additional Reading | |
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| 5 Growth factors and their receptors | |
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| Normal metazoan cells control each other's lives | |
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| The Src protein functions as a tyrosine kinase | |
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| The EGF receptor functions as a tyrosine kinase | |
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| An altered growth factor receptor can function as an oncoprotein | |
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| A growth factor gene can become an oncogene: the case of sis | |
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| Transphosphorylation underlies the operations of receptor tyrosine kinases | |
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| Yet other types of receptors enable mammalian cells to communicate with their environment | |
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| Integrin receptors sense association between the cell and the extracellular matrix | |
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| The Ras protein, an apparent component of the downstream signaling cascade, functions as | |