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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Principles of Probability | |
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| Principles of Probability Are the Foundations of Entropy | |
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| What Is Probability? | |
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| Rules of Probability | |
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| Correlated Events/Conditional Probabilities | |
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| Combinatorics | |
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| Distribution Functions | |
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| Averages, Standard Deviations | |
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| Extremum Principles Predict Equilibria | |
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| What Are Extremum Principles? | |
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| What Is a State of Equilibrium? | |
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| Maximizing Multiplicity | |
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| Simple Models | |
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| Heat, Work & Energy | |
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| Heat Flows to Maximize Entropy | |
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| Conservation Laws | |
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| Heat Was Thought to Be a Fluid | |
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| Atoms and Molecules Have Energies | |
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| Why Does Heat Flow? | |
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| Math Tools: Series and Approximations | |
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| Physical Modelling Involves Series Expansions | |
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| Making Approximations Involves Truncating Series' | |
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| Gaussian Distribution/Random Walk | |
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| Multivariate Calculus | |
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| Functions of Multiple Variables | |
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| Partial Derivatives | |
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| Extrema of Multivariate Functions | |
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| Integrating Multivariate Functions | |
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| The Chain Rule | |
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| Rearranging Dependent and Independent Variables | |
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| Entropy & the Boltzmann Distribution Law | |
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| What Is Entropy? | |
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| Flat Distributions if there Are No Constraints | |
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| Exponential Distributions if there Are Constraints | |
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| Principle of Fair Apportionment | |
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| Philosophical Foundations | |
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| Thermodynamic Driving Forces | |
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| Thermodynamics Is Two Laws | |
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| The Fundamental Thermodynamic Equations | |
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| Defining the Thermodynamic Driving Forces | |
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| Homogeneous Functions | |
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| Thermal, Mechanical, and Chemical Equilibria | |
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| Thermodynamic Logic | |
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| The First Law Interrelates Heat, Work, and Energy | |
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| Why Is There an Absolute Temperature Scale? | |
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| Other Statements of the Second Law | |
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| Free Energies | |
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| Switching from Entropy to Free Energy | |
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| Free Energy Defines Another Extremum Principle | |
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| Using the Heat Capacity | |
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| Using Thermodynamic Cycles | |
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| Maxwell's Relations & Mixtures | |
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| Predicting Unmeasurable Quantities | |
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| Maxwells Relations Interrelate Partial Derivatives | |
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| Multicomponent Systems/Partial Molar quantities | |
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| Linkage Relations | |
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| Boltzmann Distribution Law | |
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| Probability Distributions for Atoms and Molecules | |
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| The Boltzmann Law Describes Equilibria | |
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| What Does a Partition Function Tell You? | |
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| Thermodynamic Properties from Partition Functions | |
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| What Is an Ensemble? | |
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| Statistical Mechanics of Simple Gases and Solids | |
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| Macroscopic Properties from Atomic Structures | |
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| Translational Motion | |
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| Harmonic Oscillator Model | |
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| Rigid Rotor Model | |
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| Ideal Gas Properties | |
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| The Equipartition Theorem | |
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| Temperature, Heat Capacity | |
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| A Microscopic Perspective | |
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| A Graphical Procedure, from S to C[subscript v] | |
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| What Drives Heat Exchange? | |
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| The Heat Capacity Reflects Energy Fluctuations | |
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| Chemical Equilibria | |
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| Chemical Equilibria from Atomic Structures | |
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| Le Chatelier's Principle | |
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| Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium | |
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| Equilibria Between Liquids, Solids, and Gases | |
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| Phase Equilibria | |
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| The Clapeyron Equation | |
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| How Do Refrigerators and Heat Pumps Work? | |
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| Surface Tension | |
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| Solutions and Mixtures | |
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| A Lattice Model Describes Mixtures | |
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| Interfacial Tension | |
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| What Have We Left Out? | |
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| Solvation and Transfers of Molecules Between Phases | |
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| The Chemical Potential | |
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| Solvation | |
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| Activity and Activity Coefficient | |
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| Boiling Point Elevation | |
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| Freezing Point Depression | |
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| Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Solutes Can Transfer and Partition | |
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| Dimerization in Solution | |
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| Vector Calculus | |
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| Vectors Describe Forces and Flows | |
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| Vectors Add and Subtract by Components | |
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| The Dot Product | |
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| Scalar and Vector Fields | |
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| The Flux of a Vector Field | |
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| Gauss's Theorem | |
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| Physical Kinetics | |
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| Forces Drive Molecules to Flow | |
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| Linear Laws Relate Forces to Flows | |
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| The Diffusion Equation | |
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| Sources and Sinks: Examples from Population Biology | |
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| Additional Forces | |
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| The Einstein-Smoluchowski Equation | |
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| Brownian Ratchets | |
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| The Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem | |
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| Onsager Reciprocal Relations Describe Coupled Flows | |
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| Chemical Kinetics & Transition States | |
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| Rates Depend on Temperature | |
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| Rates Are Proportional to Concentrations | |
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| At Equilibrium, Rates Obey Detailed Balance | |
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| Mass Action Laws Describe Mechanisms | |
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| Reaction Rates Depend on Temperature | |
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| Activated Processes and Transition State Theory | |
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| Catalysts Speed Up Chemical Reactions | |
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| The Bronsted Law | |
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| Funnel Landscapes and Diffusional Processes | |
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| Coulomb's Law | |
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| Charges and Coulomb's Law | |
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| Charge Interactions are Long-Ranged | |
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| Charge Interactions Are Weaker in Media: Dielectric Constants | |
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| Electrostatic Forces Add Like Vectors | |
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| What Is an Electrostatic Field? | |
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| Electric Fields Have Fluxes | |
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| The Electrostatic Potential | |
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| Electrostatic Potentials with Electrostatic Fields | |
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| Dipoles Are Separated Charges | |
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| The Poisson Equation | |
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| Method of Image Charges | |
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| Electrochemical Equilibria | |
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| Electrochemical Potentials in Ionic Solutions | |
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| The Nernst Equation | |
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| Voltage-Gated Ion Channels | |
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| Acid-Base Equilibria Are Shifted by Electrostatic Fields | |
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| Electrostatic Gradients Cause Ion Flows | |
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| Creating Charge Distribution Costs Free Energy | |
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| Salt Ions Shield Charged Objects | |
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| Salts Dissociate and Shield Other Charges | |
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| Strong and Weak Electrolytes | |
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| Intermolecular Interactions | |
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| Short-ranged Repulsions and Long-ranged Attractions | |
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| Short-ranged Attractions Are Electrostatic | |
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| The van der Waals Gas Model | |
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| The Lattice Model Contact Energy | |
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| Phase Transitions | |
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| Two States Can Be StabIe at the Same Time | |
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| Liquids or Solids Mix at High Temperatures | |
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| Phase Separations Are Driven to Lower the Free Energy | |
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| The Spinodal Curve | |
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| The Critical Point | |
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| The Principles of Boiling | |
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| Boiling a Liquid Mixture Involves Two Transitions | |
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| Cooperativity | |
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| Abrupt Transitions Occur in Many Different Systems | |
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| Transitions and Critical Points Are Universal | |
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| The Landau Model | |
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| Helix-Coil Transitions | |
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| The Ising Model Describes Magnetization | |
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| The Kinetics of Phase Transitions and Nucleation | |
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| Adsorption, Binding & Catalysis | |
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| Binding and Adsorption Processes Are Saturable | |
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| The Langmuir Model | |
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| Binding and Saturation in Solution | |
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| The Principle of Adsorption Chromatography | |
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| Michaelis-Menten Model | |
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| Sabatier's Principle for Stabilizing Transition States | |
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| Multi-site Cooperative Ligand Binding | |
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| Binding Polynomials | |
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| The Two-site Model of Binding Cooperativity | |
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| Binding Intermediate States | |
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| Constructing Binding Polynomials from Rules of Probability | |
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| Oxygen Binding to Hemoglobin | |
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| Inhibitors | |
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| Model of McGhee and von Hippel | |
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| Rates Can Often Be Treated by Using Binding Polynomials | |
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| Grand Canonical Ensemble | |
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| Water | |
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| Water Is an Unusual Liquid | |
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| Water Has Hydrogen Bonded Structure | |
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| Pure Water Has Anomalous Properties | |
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| Water as a Solvent | |
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| Oil and Water Don't Mix: The Hydrophobic Effect | |
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| Signature of Hydrophobicity: Its Temperature Dependence | |
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| Water Is Structured Near Cavities and Planar Surfaces | |
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| Alcohols Constrict the Volumes of Aqueous Mixtures | |
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| Ions Can Make or Break Water Structure | |
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| Ion Pairing Preferences | |
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| Polymer Solutions | |
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| Polymers Are Governed by Statistics | |
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| Polymers Have Distributions of Conformations | |
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| Polymer Solutions Differ from Small Molecule Solutions | |
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| The Flory-Huggins Model | |
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| Nonideal Colligative Properties | |
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| The Phase Behavior of Polymers | |
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| Dilution Entropy Drives Solute Partitioning into Polymers | |
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| The Flory Theorem | |
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| Polymer Elasticity | |
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| Polymeric Materials Are Elastic | |
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| Random-flight Chains Are Gaussian | |
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| Polymer Elasticity Follows Hooke's Law | |
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| Elasticity of Rubbery Materials | |
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| Polymer Collapse and Expansion | |
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| Polymers Resist Confinement & Deformation | |
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| Excluded Volume | |
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| Chain Conformations Are Perturbed Near Surfaces | |
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| Polymer Conformations by a Diffusion Equation Method | |
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| Polymers Tend to Avoid Confined Spaces | |
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| The Rouse-Zimm Model of Polymer Dynamics | |
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| The Reptation Model | |
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| Table of Constants | |
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| Table of Units | |
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| Useful Taylor Series Expansions | |
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| Useful Integrals | |
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| Multiples of Units, Their Names, and Symbols | |
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| Index | |