| |
| |
| |
| The Human Body: An Orientation | |
| |
| |
| An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Physiology | |
| |
| |
| Levels of Structural Organization | |
| |
| |
| From Atoms to Organisms | |
| |
| |
| Organ System Overview | |
| |
| |
| Maintaining Life | |
| |
| |
| Necessary Life Functions | |
| |
| |
| Survival Needs | |
| |
| |
| Homeostasis | |
| |
| |
| Homeostatic Control Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| Homeostatic Imbalance | |
| |
| |
| The Language of Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Anatomical Positions and Directional Terms | |
| |
| |
| Regional Terms | |
| |
| |
| Body Planes and Sections | |
| |
| |
| Body Cavities | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Careers: Dental Hygienist | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Concepts of Matter and Energy | |
| |
| |
| Matter | |
| |
| |
| Energy | |
| |
| |
| Composition of Matter | |
| |
| |
| Elements and Atoms | |
| |
| |
| Atomic Structure | |
| |
| |
| Identifying Elements | |
| |
| |
| Molecules and Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Bond Formation | |
| |
| |
| Patterns of Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter | |
| |
| |
| Inorganic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cells and Tissues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cells | |
| |
| |
| Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy of a Generalized Cell | |
| |
| |
| The Nucleus | |
| |
| |
| The Plasma Membrane | |
| |
| |
| The Cytoplasm | |
| |
| |
| Cell Physiology | |
| |
| |
| Membrane Transport | |
| |
| |
| Cell Division | |
| |
| |
| Protein Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Body Tissues | |
| |
| |
| Epithelial Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Special Characteristics of Epithelium | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Epithelium | |
| |
| |
| Connective Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Types of Connective Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Types of Muscle Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Nervous Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Tissue Repair (Wound Healing) | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look IV Therapy and Cellular "Tonics" | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Cancer--The Intimate Enemy | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Careers: Medical Transcriptionist | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skin and Body Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Body Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Epithelial Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Connective Tissues Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Integumentary System (Skin) | |
| |
| |
| Basic Skin Functions | |
| |
| |
| Structure of the Skin | |
| |
| |
| Skin Color | |
| |
| |
| Appendages of the Skin | |
| |
| |
| Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Vampires and Touch-Me-Nots | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Skeletal System | |
| |
| |
| Bones: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| Functions of the Bones | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Bones | |
| |
| |
| Structure of a Long Bone | |
| |
| |
| Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling | |
| |
| |
| Bone Fractures | |
| |
| |
| Axial Skeleton | |
| |
| |
| Skull | |
| |
| |
| Vertebral Column (Spine) | |
| |
| |
| Bony Thorax | |
| |
| |
| Appendicular Skeleton | |
| |
| |
| Bones of the Shoulder Girdle | |
| |
| |
| Bones of the Upper Limbs | |
| |
| |
| Bones of the Pelvic Girdle | |
| |
| |
| Bones of the Lower Limbs | |
| |
| |
| Joints | |
| |
| |
| Fibrous Joints | |
| |
| |
| Cartilaginous Joints | |
| |
| |
| Synovial Joints | |
| |
| |
| Inflammatory Disorders of Joints | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Protect Your Back--It's the Only One You've Got! | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Surface Anatomy--Exploring Yourself | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Muscular System | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Muscle Tissues | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Types | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Functions | |
| |
| |
| Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle | |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Activity | |
| |
| |
| Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells | |
| |
| |
| Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Movements, Types, and Names | |
| |
| |
| Types of Body Movements | |
| |
| |
| Types of Muscles | |
| |
| |
| Naming Skeletal Muscles | |
| |
| |
| Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles | |
| |
| |
| Head Muscles | |
| |
| |
| Truck and Neck Muscles | |
| |
| |
| Muscles of Upper Limb | |
| |
| |
| Muscles of the Lower Limb | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Athletes Looking Good--Doing Better with Anabolic Steroids? | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Careers: Massage Therapist | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Organization of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Structural Classification | |
| |
| |
| Functional Classification | |
| |
| |
| Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function | |
| |
| |
| Supporting Cells | |
| |
| |
| Neurons | |
| |
| |
| Central Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Functional Anatomy of the Brain | |
| |
| |
| Protection of the Central Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Brain Dysfunctions | |
| |
| |
| Spinal Cord | |
| |
| |
| Peripheral Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Structure of a Nerve | |
| |
| |
| Cranial Nerves | |
| |
| |
| Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses | |
| |
| |
| Autonomic Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Pleasure Me! Pleasure Me! | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Tracking Down CNS Problems | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special Senses | |
| |
| |
| The Eye and Vision | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy of the Eye | |
| |
| |
| Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction | |
| |
| |
| Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain | |
| |
| |
| Eye Reflexes | |
| |
| |
| The Ear: Hearing and Balance | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy of the Ear | |
| |
| |
| Mechanism of Hearing | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell | |
| |
| |
| Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell | |
| |
| |
| Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Visual Pigments--The Actual Photoreceptors | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look If I Can't See Things Far Away, Am I Nearsighted or Farsighted? | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Endocrine System | |
| |
| |
| The Endocrine System and Hormone Function--An Overview | |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry of Hormones | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Hormone Action | |
| |
| |
| Control of Hormone Release | |
| |
| |
| The Major Endocrine Organs | |
| |
| |
| Pituitary Gland | |
| |
| |
| Thyroid Gland | |
| |
| |
| Parathyroid Glands | |
| |
| |
| Adrenal Glands | |
| |
| |
| Pancreatic Islets | |
| |
| |
| Pineal Gland | |
| |
| |
| Thymus | |
| |
| |
| Gonads | |
| |
| |
| Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs | |
| |
| |
| Placenta | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Sunlight and the Clock Within | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| Blood | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Functions of Blood | |
| |
| |
| Components | |
| |
| |
| Physical Characteristics, and Volume | |
| |
| |
| Plasma | |
| |
| |
| Formed Elements | |
| |
| |
| Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) | |
| |
| |
| Hemostasis | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of Hemostasis | |
| |
| |
| Blood Groups and Transfusions | |
| |
| |
| Human Blood Groups | |
| |
| |
| Blood Typing | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of Blood | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Concocting Blood: Artificial Blood Substitutes | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Careers: Phlebotomy Technician | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Cardiovascular System | |
| |
| |
| Cardiovascular System: The Heart | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy of the Heart | |
| |
| |
| Physiology of the Heart | |
| |
| |
| Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels | |
| |
| |
| Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels | |
| |
| |
| Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels | |
| |
| |
| Physiology of Circulation | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drano! | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Electrocardiography: (Don't) Be Still My Heart | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Careers: Certified Surgical Technologist (CST) | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses | |
| |
| |
| Lymphatic System | |
| |
| |
| Lymphatic Vessels | |
| |
| |
| Lymph Nodes | |
| |
| |
| Other Lymphoid Organs | |
| |
| |
| Body Defenses | |
| |
| |
| Nonspecific Body Defenses | |
| |
| |
| Surface Membrane Barriers | |
| |
| |
| Cells and Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| Specific Body Defenses: The Immune System | |
| |
| |
| Antigens | |
| |
| |
| Cells of the Immune System: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response | |
| |
| |
| Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response | |
| |
| |
| Organ Transplants and Rejection | |
| |
| |
| Disorders of Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look AIDS: The Plague of the Twentieth Century | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Respiratory System | |
| |
| |
| Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System | |
| |
| |
| The Nose | |
| |
| |
| Pharynx | |
| |
| |
| Larynx | |
| |
| |
| Trachea | |
| |
| |
| Primary Bronchi | |
| |
| |
| Lungs | |
| |
| |
| Respiratory Physiology | |
| |
| |
| Mechanics of Breathing | |
| |
| |
| Respiratory Volumes and Capacities | |
| |
| |
| Respiratory Sounds | |
| |
| |
| External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration | |
| |
| |
| Control of Respiration | |
| |
| |
| Respiratory Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | |
| |
| |
| Lung Cancer | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Dangerous Raptures of the Deep | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Careers: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Digestive System and Body Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy of the Digestive System | |
| |
| |
| Organs of the Alimentary Canal | |
| |
| |
| Accessory Digestive Organs | |
| |
| |
| Functions of the Digestive System | |
| |
| |
| Overview of the Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls | |
| |
| |
| Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus | |
| |
| |
| Activities of the Stomach | |
| |
| |
| Activities of the Small Intestine | |
| |
| |
| Activities of the Large Intestine | |
| |
| |
| Nutrition and Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Nutrition | |
| |
| |
| Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells | |
| |
| |
| The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Body Energy Balance | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Peptic Ulcers: "Something Is Eating at Me" | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Urinary System | |
| |
| |
| Kidneys | |
| |
| |
| Location and Structure | |
| |
| |
| Nephrons and Urine Formation | |
| |
| |
| Control of Blood Composition by the Kidneys | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Urine | |
| |
| |
| Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra | |
| |
| |
| Ureters | |
| |
| |
| Urinary Bladder | |
| |
| |
| Urethra | |
| |
| |
| Micturition | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Reproductive System | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System | |
| |
| |
| Testes | |
| |
| |
| Duct System | |
| |
| |
| Accessory Glands and Semen | |
| |
| |
| External Genitalia | |
| |
| |
| Male Reproductive Functions | |
| |
| |
| Spermatogenesis | |
| |
| |
| Testosterone Production | |
| |
| |
| Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System | |
| |
| |
| Ovaries | |
| |
| |
| Duct System | |
| |
| |
| External Genitalia | |
| |
| |
| Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles | |
| |
| |
| Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Menstrual Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Hormone Production by the Ovaries | |
| |
| |
| Mammary Glands | |
| |
| |
| Survey of Pregnancy and Embryonic Development | |
| |
| |
| Accomplishing Fertilization | |
| |
| |
| Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother | |
| |
| |
| Childbirth | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| At the Clinic | |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look Contraception: To Be or Not To Be | |
| |
| |
| Focus on Careers: Doula | |
| |
| |
| Systems in Sync | |
| |
| |
| Appendixes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Periodic Table | |
| |
| |
| |
| Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| A.D.A.M. Correlations | |
| |
| |
| Photography and Art Credits | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |