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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Drugs and Society | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Drug Use | |
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| Dimensions of Drug Use | |
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| Most Commonly Abused Drugs | |
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| An Overview of Drugs in Society | |
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| How Widespread Is Drug Abuse? | |
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| Extent and Frequency of Drug Use in Society | |
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| Current Patterns of Licit and Illicit Drug Use | |
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| Nonmedical Users of Pain Relievers | |
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| Types of Drug Users | |
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| Influence of the Mass Media on Drug Use | |
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| Drug Use and Drug Dependence | |
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| When Does Use Lead to Abuse? | |
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| Drug Dependence | |
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| The Costs of Drug Use to Society | |
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| Drugs, Crime, and Violence | |
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| Drugs in the Workplace: A Costly Affliction | |
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| Venturing to a Higher Form of Consciousness: The Holistic Self-Awareness Approach to Drug Use | |
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| Explaining Drug Use and Abuse | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Drug Use: A Timeless Affliction | |
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| The Origin and Nature of Addiction | |
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| Defining Addiction | |
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| Models of Addiction | |
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| Factors Contributing to Addiction | |
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| The Vicious Cycle of Addiction | |
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| Nondrug Addictions? | |
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| Major Theoretical Explanations: Biological | |
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| Abused Drugs as Positive Reinforcers | |
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| Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders | |
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| Genetic Explanations | |
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| Major Theoretical Explanations: Psychological | |
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| Distinguishing Between Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders | |
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| The Relationship Between Personality and Drug Use | |
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| Theories Based on Learning Processes | |
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| Social Psychological Learning Theories | |
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| Major Theoretical Explanations: Sociological | |
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| Social Influence Theories | |
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| Structural Influence Theories | |
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| Danger Signals of Drug Abuse | |
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| Low-Risk and High-Risk Drug Choices | |
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| Drug Use, Regulation, and the Law | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cultural Attitudes About Drug Use | |
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| The Road to Regulation and the FDA | |
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| Prescription Versus OTC Drugs | |
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| The Rising Demand for Effectiveness in Medicinal Drugs | |
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| Regulating the Development of New Drugs | |
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| The Effects of the OTC Review on Today's Medications | |
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| The Regulation of Drug Advertising | |
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| Prescription Advertising | |
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| Federal Regulation and Quality Assurance | |
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| Drug Abuse and the Law | |
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| Drug Laws and Deterrence | |
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| Factors in Controlling Drug Abuse | |
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| Strategies for Preventing Drug Abuse | |
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| Supply Reduction Strategy | |
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| Demand Reduction Strategy | |
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| Inoculation Strategy | |
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| Drug Courts | |
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| Current and Future Drug Use | |
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| Drug Legalization Debate | |
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| Drug Testing | |
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| Pragmatic Drug Policies | |
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| Homeostatic Systems and Drugs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview of Homeostasis and Drug Actions | |
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| Introduction to Nervous Systems | |
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| Comprehensive Explanation of Homeostatic Systems | |
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| The Building Blocks of the Nervous System | |
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| The Neuron: The Basic Structural Unit of the Nervous System | |
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| The Nature of Drug Receptors | |
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| Agonistic and Antagonistic Effects on Drug Receptors | |
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| Neurotransmitters: The Messengers | |
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| Major Divisions of the Nervous System | |
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| The Central Nervous System | |
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| The Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| The Endocrine System | |
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| Endocrine Glands and Regulation | |
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| The Abuse of Hormones: Anabolic Steroids | |
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| Designer Steroids | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| How and Why Drugs Work | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Intended and Unintended Effects of Drugs | |
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| The Dose-Response Relationship of Therapeutics and Toxicity | |
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| Margin of Safety | |
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| Potency Versus Toxicity | |
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| Drug Interaction | |
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| Additive Effects | |
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| Antagonistic (Inhibitory) Effects | |
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| Potentiative (Synergistic) Effects | |
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| Dealing with Drug Interactions | |
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| Pharmacokinetic Factors That Influence Drug Effects | |
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| Forms and Methods of Taking Drugs | |
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| Distribution of Drugs in the Body and Time-Response Relationships | |
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| Inactivation and Elimination of Drugs from the Body | |
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| Physiological Variables That Modify Drug Effects | |
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| Pathological Variables That Modify Drug Effects | |
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| Adaptive Processes and Drug Abuse | |
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| Tolerance to Drugs | |
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| Drug Dependence | |
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| Psychological Factors | |
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| The Placebo Effect | |
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| Addiction and Abuse: The Significance of Dependence | |
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| Hereditary Factors | |
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| Drug Craving | |
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| Other Factors | |
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| CNS Depressants: Sedative-Hypnotics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An Introduction to CNS Depressants | |
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| The History of CNS Depressants | |
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| The Effects of CNS Depressants: Benefits and Risks | |
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| Types of CNS Depressants | |
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| Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs | |
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| Barbiturates | |
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| Other CNS Depressants | |
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| Patterns of Abuse with CNS Depressants | |
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| Treatment for Withdrawal | |
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| Alcohol: Pharmacological Effects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature and History of Alcohol | |
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| Alcohol as a Drug | |
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| Alcohol as a Social Drug | |
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| Impact of Alcohol | |
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| The Properties of Alcohol | |
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| The Physical Effects of Alcohol | |
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| Alcohol and Tolerance | |
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| Alcohol Metabolism | |
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| Polydrug Use | |
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| Short-Term Effects | |
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| Dependence | |
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| The Effects of Alcohol on Organ Systems and Bodily Functions | |
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| Brain and Nervous System | |
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| Liver | |
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| Digestive System | |
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| Blood | |
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| Cardiovascular System | |
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| Sexual Organs | |
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| Endocrine System | |
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| Kidneys | |
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| Mental Disorders and Damage to the Brain | |
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| The Fetus | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| Malnutrition | |
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| Alcohol: A Behavioral Perspective | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Alcohol Consumption in the United States | |
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| Current Statistics and Trends in Alcohol Consumption | |
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| Percentages of the Drinking Population: A Pyramid Model | |
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| Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse | |
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| History of Alcohol in America | |
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| Drinking Patterns | |
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| Historical Considerations | |
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| Defining Alcoholics | |
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| Cultural Differences | |
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| Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism | |
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| Types of Alcoholics | |
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| Cultural Influences | |
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| Culture and Drinking Behavior | |
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| Culture and Disinhibited Behavior | |
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| Culture Provides Rules for Drinking Behavior | |
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| Culture Provides Ceremonial Meaning for Alcohol Use | |
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| Culture Provides Models of Alcoholism | |
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| Cultural Stereotypes of Drinking Patterns May Be Misleading | |
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| Culture Provides Attitudes Regarding Alcohol Consumption | |
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| College and University Students and Alcohol Use | |
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| Binge Drinking | |
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| Gender and Collegiate Alcohol Use | |
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| Alcohol Consumption Patterns of Women | |
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| The Role of Alcohol in Domestic Violence | |
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| Alcohol and Sex | |
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| Alcohol and the Family: Destructive Types of Support and Organizations for Victims of Alcoholics | |
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| Codependency and Enabling | |
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| Children of Alcoholics (COAs) and Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) | |
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| Treatment of Alcoholism | |
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| Getting Through Withdrawal | |
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| Helping the Alcoholic Family Recover | |
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| Narcotics (Opioids) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Are Narcotics? | |
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| The History of Narcotics | |
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| Opium in China | |
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| American Opium Use | |
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| Pharmacological Effects | |
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| Narcotic Analgesics | |
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| Other Therapeutic Uses | |
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| Mechanisms of Action | |
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| Side Effects | |
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| Abuse, Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal | |
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| Heroin Abuse | |
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| Treatment of Heroin and Other Narcotic Dependence | |
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| Other Narcotics | |
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| Morphine | |
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| Methadone | |
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| Fentanyls | |
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| Hydromorphone | |
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| Oxycodone (OxyContin) | |
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| Meperidine | |
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| Buprenorphine | |
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| MPTP: A "Designer" Tragedy | |
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| Codeine | |
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| Pentazocine | |
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| Propoxyphene | |
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| Narcotic-Related Drugs | |
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| Dextromethorphan | |
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| Clonidine | |
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| Naloxone/Naltrexone | |
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| Stimulants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Major Stimulants | |
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| Amphetamines | |
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| Cocaine | |
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| Current Attitudes and Patterns of Abuse | |
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| Minor Stimulants | |
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| Caffeinelike Drugs (Xanthines) | |
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| OTC Sympathomimetics | |
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| Herbal Stimulants | |
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| Tobacco | |
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| Tobacco Use: Scope of the Problem | |
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| Current Tobacco Use in the United States | |
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| The History of Tobacco Use | |
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| Popularity in the Western World | |
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| History of Tobacco Use in America | |
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| Phamacology of Nicotine | |
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| Nicotine Administration | |
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| Effects on the Central Nervous System | |
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| Other Effects of Nicotine | |
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| Clove Cigarettes | |
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| Cigarette Smoking: A Costly Addiction | |
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| Mortality Rates | |
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| Chronic Illnesses | |
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| Effects Without Smoking | |
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| Effects on the Fetus | |
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| Tobacco Use Without Smoking | |
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| Environmental Tobacco Smoke | |
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| Who Smokes? | |
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| Reasons for Smoking | |
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| The Motivation Not to Smoke | |
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| Alternative Activities for Successfully Quitting | |
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| Smoking Cessation Aids | |
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| Social Issues: Looking to the Future | |
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| Tobacco as a Gateway Drug | |
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| Smoking Prohibition Versus Smokers' Rights | |
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| Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The History of Hallucinogen Use | |
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| The Native American Church | |
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| Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual Discovery | |
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| Hallucinogen Use Today | |
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| The Nature of Hallucinogens | |
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| Sensory and Psychological Effects | |
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| Mechanisms of Action | |
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| Types of Hallucinogenic Agents | |
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| Traditional Hallucinogens: LSD Types | |
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| Phenylethylamine Hallucinogens | |
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| Anticholinergic Hallucinogens | |
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| Other Hallucinogens | |
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| Marijuana | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History and Trends in Marijuana Use | |
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| Current Use of Marijuana | |
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| Trends in Use | |
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| Annual Use | |
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| Perceived Harmfulness | |
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| Disapproval | |
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| Perceived Availability, Risk, and Use | |
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| Marijuana: Is It the Assassin of Youth? | |
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| Major Factors Affecting Marijuana Use | |
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| Is Marijuana Really a Gateway Drug? | |
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| Misperceptions of Marijuana Use | |
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| Characteristics of Cannabis | |
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| The Behavioral Effects of Marijuana Use | |
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| The "High" | |
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| Subjective Euphoric Effects | |
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| Driving Performance | |
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| Critical Thinking Skills | |
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| Amotivational Syndrome | |
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| Therapeutic Uses and the Controversy over Medical Marijuana Use | |
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| The Physiological Effects of Marijuana Use | |
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| Effects on the Central Nervous System | |
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| Effects on the Respiratory System | |
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| Effects on the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Effects on Sexual Performance and Reproduction | |
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| Tolerance and Dependence | |
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| Chronic Use | |
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| Inhalants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Inhalants | |
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| Types of Inhalants | |
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| Volatile Substances | |
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| Anesthetics | |
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| Nitrites | |
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| Current Patterns and Signs of Abuse | |
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| Adolescent and Teenage Usage | |
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| Gender, Race, Socioeconomics, and Abuse | |
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| Signs of Inhalant Abuse | |
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| Dangers of Inhalant Abuse | |
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| Over-the-Counter (OTC), Prescription, and Herbal Drugs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| OTC Drugs | |
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| Abuse of OTC Drugs | |
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| Federal Regulation of OTC Drugs | |
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| OTC Drugs and Self-Care | |
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| Types of OTC Drugs | |
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| OTC Herbal (Natural) Products | |
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| Prescription Drugs | |
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| Prescription Drug Abuse | |
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| Proper Doctor-Patient Communication | |
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| Drug Selection: Generic Versus Proprietary | |
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| Common Categories of Prescription Drugs | |
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| Common Principles of Drug Use | |
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| Drug Use Within Major Subcultures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Athletes and Drug Abuse | |
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| Drugs Used by Athletes | |
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| Prevention and Treatment | |
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| Drug Use Among Women | |
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| Women More Concerned About Drug Use Than Men | |
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| Patterns of Drug Use: Comparing Females with Males | |
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| Female Roles and Drug Addiction | |
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| Women's Response to Drugs | |
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| Treatment of Drug Dependency in Women | |
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| Drug Use in Adolescent Subcultures | |
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| Why Adolescents Use Drugs | |
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| Patterns of Drug Use in Adolescents | |
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| Adolescent versus Adult Drug Abuse | |
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| Consequences and Coincidental Problems | |
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| Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Adolescent Drug Problems | |
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| Summary of Adolescent Drug Abuse | |
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| Drug Use in College Student Subcultures | |
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| Reasons for College Students' Drug Use | |
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| Additional Noteworthy Findings Regarding Drug Use by College Students | |
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| HIV and AIDS | |
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| Nature of HIV Infection and Related Symptoms | |
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| Diagnosis and Treatment | |
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| Who Is at Risk for AIDS? | |
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| AIDS and Drugs of Abuse | |
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| Adolescents and AIDS | |
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| What to Do About HIV and AIDS | |
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| The Entertainment Industry and Drug Use | |
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| More Recent Promoter of Drug Use: The Internet | |
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| Drug Abuse Prevention | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Drug Prevention Programs | |
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| Considering the Audience and Approach | |
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| An Example of Drug Prevention at Central High in Elmtown | |
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| Comprehensive Prevention Programs for Drug Use and Abuse | |
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| Harm Reduction Model | |
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| Community-Based Drug Prevention | |
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| School-Based Drug Prevention | |
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| Family-Based Prevention Programs | |
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| Drug Prevention Programs in Higher Education | |
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| Overview and Critique of Existing Prevention Programs | |
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| Examples of Large-Scale Drug Prevention Programs | |
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| BACCHUS and GAMMA Peer Education Network | |
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| Fund for the Improvement of Post-secondary Education Drug Prevention Programs | |
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| DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) | |
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| Drug Courts | |
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| Problems with Assessing the Success of Drug Prevention Programs | |
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| Other Alternatives to Drug Use | |
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| Meditation | |
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| The Natural Mind Approach | |
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| Treating Drug Dependence | |
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| Treatment of Addiction | |
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| Drug Addiction Treatment in the United States | |
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| Therapeutic Strategies | |
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| Historical Approaches | |
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| General Therapeutic Strategies | |
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| Specific Therapeutic Strategies | |
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| Pharmacological Strategies | |
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| Current Trends in Providing Treatment Services | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Index | |
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| Photo Credits | |