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Introduction to Criminalistics | |
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Investigating the Crime Scene | |
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Introduction | |
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Securing the Crime Scene | |
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Identifying, Establishing, Protecting, and Securing the Boundaries | |
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Documenting the Scene and the Evidence | |
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Note Taking | |
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Photography | |
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Sketching | |
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Videography | |
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Systematic Search for Evidence | |
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Recognition of Physical Evidence | |
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Collection, Preservation, Inventory, and Transportation of Physical Evidence | |
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Impression Evidence: Tire Tracks, Footprints, Tool Marks, Latent Fingerprints, and Palm Prints | |
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Biological Evidence: Blood, Saliva, Semen, and Vaginal Fluids | |
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Firearms and Ammunition | |
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Arson and Bomb Evidence | |
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Chemicals and Controlled Substances | |
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Trace Evidence | |
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Packaging Evidence | |
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Submitting Evidence to the Crime Laboratory | |
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Chain of Custody | |
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Criminal Evidence and the Fourth Amendment | |
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Exceptions to the Fourth Amendment | |
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The Supreme Court and the Fourth Amendment | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Investigating and Processing Physical Evidence | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Evidence | |
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The Modern Crime Lab | |
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National Laboratories | |
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State and Municipal Laboratories | |
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Divisions of the Crime Lab | |
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Functions of a Forensic Scientist | |
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Additional Information | |
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State of the Evidence | |
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Why Examine Physical Evidence? | |
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Characteristics of Physical Evidence | |
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Identification | |
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Associative Evidence | |
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Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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Pattern Evidence | |
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Explosion Patterns | |
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Firearm Ballistics | |
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Entry and Exit Hole Geometry | |
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Bullet Trajectory | |
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Bullet Ricochet | |
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Shell Casings | |
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Bloodstain Patterns | |
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Point of Convergence | |
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Physical Evidence in Court | |
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Expert Testimony | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Trace Evidence | |
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Physical Properties: Forensic Characterization of Soil | |
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Introduction | |
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Physical and Chemical Properties | |
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The Metric System | |
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The International System of Units | |
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SI Base Units | |
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Conversion from the SI to the English System (and Vice Versa) | |
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Mass and Weight | |
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Temperature | |
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Density | |
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Soil | |
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Forensic Characteristics of Soils | |
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Gradient Tube Separation of Soil: Separation by Density | |
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Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence | |
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Wrap Up | |
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The Microscope and Forensic Identification of Hair and Fibers | |
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Introduction | |
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Magnifying Small Details | |
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Refraction | |
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Types of Microscopes | |
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Compound Microscopes | |
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Comparison Microscopes | |
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Stereoscopic Microscopes | |
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Polarizing Microscopes | |
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Microspectrophotometers | |
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Scanning Electron Microscopes | |
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Forensic Applications of Microscopy: Hair | |
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Hair Morphology | |
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Hair Growth | |
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Comparison of Hair by Microscopy | |
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Collecting Hair Evidence | |
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Information Obtained by Microscopic Comparison of Hair | |
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Forensic Applications of Microscopy: Fibers | |
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Natural Fibers | |
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Synthetic Fibers | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Forensic Analysis of Glass | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Glass | |
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Tempered Glass | |
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Windshield Glass | |
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Forensic Examination of Glass Evidence: An Overview | |
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Nonoptical Physical Properties of Glass | |
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Surface Striations and Markings | |
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Surface Contaminants | |
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Thickness | |
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Hardness | |
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Glass Fractures | |
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Characteristics of Glass Fractures | |
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Forensic Examination of Glass Fractures | |
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Glass Density Tests | |
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Optical Physical Properties of Glass | |
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Color | |
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Refractive Index | |
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Refractive Index of Tempered versus Nontempered Glass | |
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Variations in Density and Refractive Index | |
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Elemental Analysis of Glass | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Pattern Evidence | |
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Fingerprints | |
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Introduction | |
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History of Fingerprinting | |
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Characteristics of Fingerprints | |
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Uniqueness of Fingerprints | |
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Permanence of Fingerprints | |
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Fingerprint Patterns | |
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Fingerprint Identification Points | |
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Methods for Developing Fingerprints | |
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Recovering Fingerprints from Hard and Nonabsorbent Surfaces | |
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Recovering Fingerprints from Soft and Porous Surfaces | |
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Preservation of Fingerprints | |
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Photography of Fingerprints: An Overview | |
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Digital Imaging of Fingerprints | |
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Classification of Fingerprints | |
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Primary Classification | |
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Automated Fingerprint Identification System | |
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Fingerprints for Biometric Identification | |
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Finger Scanning | |
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Biometrics-Related Issues | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Questioned Documents | |
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Introduction | |
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Handwriting | |
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Development of Handwriting | |
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Comparison of Handwriting | |
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Collection of Handwriting Exemplars | |
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Signatures | |
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Erasures, Obliterations, and Alterations | |
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Optical Analysis of Ink | |
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Optical Analysis of Concealed Information | |
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Chemical Analysis of Ink | |
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Indented Writing | |
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Typed and Word-Processed Documents | |
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Photocopied Documents | |
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Paper | |
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Nondestructive Tests for Paper | |
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Destructive Tests for Paper | |
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Security Printing | |
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Currency | |
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Canadian Currency | |
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Identity Documents | |
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Use of Biometrics for Identity Authentication | |
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US-VISIT | |
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Testimony of Document Examiners | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Firearms | |
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Introduction | |
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Firearm Accuracy | |
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Increasing the Force of the Bullet | |
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Improving the Rate of Firing and Firing Reliability | |
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Handguns | |
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Revolvers | |
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Semiautomatic Pistols | |
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Silencers | |
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Submachine Guns | |
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Rifles | |
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Shotguns | |
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Ammunition | |
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Cartridges | |
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Shotgun Ammunition | |
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Ballistics | |
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Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence | |
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Collection and Preservation of Firearms | |
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Serial Number Restoration | |
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Collection and Preservation of Ammunition | |
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Laboratory Examination of Firearm Evidence | |
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Laboratory Examination of Fired Bullets | |
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Automated Ballistics Comparisons | |
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Laboratory Examination of Expended Cartridges | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Chemical Evidence | |
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Inorganic Analysis: Forensic Determination of Metals and Gunshot Residue | |
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Introduction | |
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Elements and Compounds | |
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Elements and Molecules | |
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Physical Properties of Inorganic Substances | |
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Elements and Subatomic Particles | |
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Atomic Number | |
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Periodic Table | |
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Periods and Groups | |
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Metals and Nonmetals | |
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Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Inorganic Materials | |
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Electromagnetic Radiation and Spectra | |
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Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table | |
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Forensic Determination of Metals | |
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Atomic Spectroscopy | |
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy | |
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Determining the Elemental Composition of Glass by ICP-OES | |
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X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry | |
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Gunpowder Residues | |
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Composition of Gunshot Residue | |
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Detection of Gunshot Residue | |
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Greiss Test | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Arson | |
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Introduction | |
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Oxidation: The Heart of Fire | |
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Chemical Reactions: What Makes Them Happen? | |
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Spontaneous Reactions | |
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Getting a Reaction Started | |
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Factors That Influence the Intensity of a Fire | |
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The Effect of Temperature | |
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The Effect of Concentration | |
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The Sequence of Events During a Fire | |
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Incipient Stage | |
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Free-Burning Stage | |
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Smoldering Stage | |
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Hydrocarbon Accelerants | |
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Hydrocarbons | |
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The Composition of Petroleum | |
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Refining Petroleum | |
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Determining the Origin and Cause of a Fire | |
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Burn Patterns | |
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Burn Pattern Geometry | |
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Melting of Materials | |
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Discolored Metals | |
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Indicators of Arson | |
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Charring of Floor Surfaces | |
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Containers | |
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Odors | |
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Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence | |
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Analysis of Flammable Residue | |
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Heated Headspace Sampling | |
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Passive Headspace Diffusion (Charcoal Sampling) | |
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Solid-Phase Microextraction | |
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Gas Chromatography | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Drugs of Abuse | |
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Introduction | |
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History of Drug Regulation | |
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Drug Control Laws | |
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The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 | |
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Drug Dependence | |
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Commonly Abused Drugs | |
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Narcotics | |
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Why Opiates Work | |
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Morphine and Codeine | |
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Heroin | |
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Methadone | |
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OxyContin | |
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Hallucinogens | |
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Marijuana | |
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Mescaline | |
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide | |
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Phencyclidine | |
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Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) | |
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Depressants | |
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Ethyl Alcohol | |
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Barbiturates | |
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Stimulants | |
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Amphetamines | |
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Cocaine | |
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Inhalants | |
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Club Drugs | |
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Anabolic Steroids | |
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Identifying Compounds in Evidence Samples Suspected of Containing Controlled Substances | |
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Principles of Drug Analysis | |
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Presumptive Tests | |
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Confirmatory Tests | |
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Tracking Drug Distribution: CISPA | |
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Personal Testing for Drugs of Abuse | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Biological Evidence | |
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Forensic Toxicology | |
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Introduction | |
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Postmortem Toxicology | |
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Collection of Postmortem Specimens | |
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Analysis of Toxicology Specimens | |
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Interpretation of Toxicological Information | |
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Human Performance Testing | |
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Field Sobriety Testing | |
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BAC Levels | |
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Alcohol and the Law | |
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Alcohol Metabolism | |
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Absorption of Alcohol into the Body | |
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Elimination of Alcohol by Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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Measurement of Blood Alcohol Concentration | |
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Estimating the BAC from Absorption-Elimination Data | |
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Estimating the Amount of Alcohol in the Circulatory System | |
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Breath Tests for Alcohol | |
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Breathalyzer | |
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Intoxilyzer | |
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Alcosensor | |
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Blood Tests for Alcohol | |
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Collection and Preservation of Blood | |
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Gas Chromatography Analysis of BAC | |
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Noninvasive Alcohol Testing | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Biological Fluids: Blood, Semen, Saliva, and an Introduction to DNA | |
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Introduction | |
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Blood | |
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Tests for the Presence of Blood | |
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Presumptive Tests for Blood | |
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Serological Tests for Blood | |
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Serological Blood Typing | |
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Forensic Characterization of Saliva | |
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Forensic Characterization of Semen | |
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Rape Evidence Collection | |
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Principles of Paternity | |
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Introduction to DNA | |
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Functions of Nucleic Acids | |
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Structure of Nucleic Acids | |
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The Double Helix | |
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DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes | |
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Cell Replication | |
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Protein Synthesis | |
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The Genetic Code | |
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Nuclear DNA and the Law | |
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Mitochondrial DNA | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Forensic DNA Typing | |
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Introduction | |
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms | |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction: A DNA Copy Machine | |
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Short Tandem Repeats | |
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DNA Sequence Variations Among Individuals | |
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Inheritance of Alleles | |
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Analyzing the STR by Electrophoresis | |
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Gel Electrophoresis | |
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Capillary Electrophoresis | |
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Multiplex DNA Analysis | |
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Multiplexing by Size | |
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Multiplexing by Dye Color | |
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Multiplexing with Multiple Capillaries | |
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Forensic STRs | |
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CODIS | |
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Interpretation of DNA Profiles | |
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Simple Population Genetics | |
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Interpreting Multiplex DNA Profiles | |
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Paternity Testing | |
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Mitochondrial DNA Analysis | |
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The Y Chromosome: STRs and SNPs | |
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Low-Copy-Number DNA Typing | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Terrorism | |
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Explosives | |
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Introduction | |
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Explosions | |
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Types of Explosives | |
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Low Explosives | |
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High Explosives | |
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Commercial Explosives | |
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Dynamite | |
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Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil | |
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Military Explosives | |
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TNT | |
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RDX | |
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HMX | |
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Improvised Explosives | |
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Low-Explosive IEDs | |
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High-Explosive IEDs | |
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Initiators | |
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Safety Fuses | |
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Electric Matches | |
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Detonators | |
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Collection of Explosive-Related Evidence | |
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Field Tests for Explosive Residue | |
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Laboratory Analysis of Explosives and Explosive Residues | |
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Thin-Layer Chromatography | |
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Gas Chromatography | |
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Infrared Tests | |
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Analysis of Inorganic Explosive Residues | |
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Ion Chromatography | |
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Taggants | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Detecting Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
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Introduction | |
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Chemical Warfare Agents | |
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Choking Agents | |
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Blister Agents | |
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Blood Agents | |
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Irritating Agents | |
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Incapacitating Agents | |
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Nerve Agents | |
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Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Materials | |
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Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Industrial Materials | |
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Point Detection Technologies | |
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Analytical Instruments | |
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Standoff Detectors | |
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Nuclear Weapons | |
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Nuclear Radiation | |
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Penetrating Power and Speed of Radiation | |
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Nuclear Reactions | |
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Radioisotope Half-life | |
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The Harmful Effects of Radiation on Humans | |
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Why Is Radiation Harmful? | |
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Factors Influencing Radiation Damage | |
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Units of Radiation | |
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Detection of Radiation | |
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Biological Weapons | |
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Government Efforts to Thwart Bioterrorism | |
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Detection of Biological Agents | |
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Wrap Up | |
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Forensic Science Resources | |
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Measurement and the International System of Units (SI) | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |
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Credits | |