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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Principles of Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice | |
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| Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Evidence-Based What? | |
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| Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice | |
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| Summary | |
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| What Is Evidence? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Characteristics of Desirable Evidence | |
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| Forms of Evidence | |
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| Hierarchies of Evidence | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Quest for Evidence: Getting Started | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Formulating Clinical Questions | |
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| Searching for Evidence | |
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| Electronic Database for Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice | |
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| U.S. National Library of Medicine-PubMed | |
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| Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) | |
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| Cochrane Library | |
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| Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) | |
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| American Physical Therapy Association's Hooked on Evidence | |
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| Other Databases and Services | |
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| Summary | |
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| Elements of Evidence | |
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| Questions, Theories, and Hypotheses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Research Question | |
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| Background | |
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| Theories, Concepts, and Constructs | |
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| Hypotheses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Features of Research Designs | |
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| Research Designs for Questions About Diagnosis and Measurement | |
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| Research Designs for Questions About Prognosis | |
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| Research Designs for Questions About Interventions | |
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| Research Designs for Questions About Outcomes | |
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| Secondary Analyses | |
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| Qualitative Studies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Research Subjects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Subject Identification | |
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| Subject Selection | |
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| Subject Management Within the Study | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Summary | |
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| Variables and Their Measurements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Variables | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Measurement Reliability | |
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| Measurement Validity | |
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| Responsiveness to Change | |
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| Interpreting Change | |
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| Summary | |
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| Research Validity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Research Validity | |
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| Threats to Research Validity of Intervention Studies | |
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| Threats to Research Validity in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Outcomes Studies | |
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| The Role of Investigator Bias | |
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| Additional Solutions to Research Validity Threats | |
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| Threats to Construct Validity | |
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| External Validity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Unraveling Statistical Mysteries | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Parametric Statistics | |
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| Tests of Differences | |
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| Tests of Relationships | |
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| Nonparametric Statistics | |
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| Additional Statistics in Evidence-Based Physical Therapy | |
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| Statistical Importance | |
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| Clinical Relevance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appraising the Evidence | |
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| Appraising Evidence About Diagnostic Tests | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Study Credibility | |
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| Study Results | |
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| The Meaning of Study Results | |
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| Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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| Final Thoughts about Diagnosis in Physical Therapy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appraising Evidence About Prognoses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elements of Prognosis | |
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| Study Credibility | |
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| Study Results | |
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| The Meaning of Study Results | |
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| Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appraising Evidence About Interventions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Study Credibility | |
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| Additional Considerations | |
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| Study Results | |
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| The Meaning of Study Results | |
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| Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appraising Evidence About Outcomes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Outcomes Research | |
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| Study Credibility | |
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| Study Results | |
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| The Meaning of Study Results | |
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| Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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| Evidence About Outcome Measures | |
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| Important Clinimetric Properties | |
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| Study Results | |
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| The Meaning of Study Results | |
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| Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appraising Systematic Reviews and Practice Guidelines | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Systematic Reviews | |
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| Study Credibility | |
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| Study Results | |
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| The Meaning of Study Results | |
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| Evidence and the Patient/Client | |
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| Clinical Practice Guidelines | |
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| Is the Guideline Valid? | |
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| Is the Guideline Acceptable? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Evidence in Practice | |
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| Patient/Client Preferences and Values | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Patient-Centered Care | |
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| Preferences, Expectancies, and Values | |
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| Summary | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Clinical Case Examples Using Evidence | |
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| Using Physiologic Studies as Evidence | |
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| Evidence Hierarchies | |
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| Additional Evidence Appraisal Worksheets | |
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| Calculation of Confidence Intervals | |
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| Index | |