Mission Statement | p. xv |
Introduction | p. xvii |
Ethical Standards and Practices | p. 1 |
Good and Evil | p. 1 |
Values | p. 2 |
The Foundation of Ethics | p. 3 |
Ethical Leadership | p. 5 |
Ethics for Law Enforcement Professionals | p. 6 |
Professional Integrity | p. 7 |
BOX: A Sample Code of Ethics for Law Enforcement Professionals | p. 8 |
Principles of Practice | p. 9 |
BOX: Canons of Ethics of the California Peace Officers' Association | p. 10 |
Ethical and Unethical Interviewing | p. 11 |
Review Questions | p. 12 |
Human Needs and Deception in the Interview | p. 15 |
Human Needs | p. 15 |
Universal Human Needs | p. 15 |
Self-Image and Esteem | p. 16 |
Satisfaction of Needs | p. 18 |
Refusal to Cooperate | p. 19 |
Fear of Self-Disclosure | p. 19 |
Fear of Harming Others | p. 20 |
The Interviewer's Task | p. 20 |
Responding to Anger | p. 21 |
The Interviewer's Needs | p. 22 |
Deception | p. 23 |
Warning Signs of Deception | p. 24 |
Verbal Signs | p. 26 |
Nonverbal Signs | p. 27 |
Physiological Signs | p. 28 |
Psychological Motives for Deception | p. 28 |
The Pathological Liar | p. 29 |
The Psychopathic Personality | p. 30 |
Defense Mechanisms | p. 31 |
Concluding There's Deception | p. 32 |
Review Questions | p. 33 |
Preparing for the Interview | p. 35 |
Attitude | p. 36 |
The Components of a Positive Attitude | p. 37 |
Attitude Change | p. 38 |
Flexibility | p. 39 |
Curiosity | p. 41 |
Imagination | p. 42 |
Intuition | p. 43 |
The Intuition of Interviewees | p. 45 |
Review Questions | p. 46 |
Evidence | p. 47 |
Real, Documentary, and Testimonial Evidence | p. 47 |
Voluntary Confessions | p. 49 |
The Miranda Warnings | p. 49 |
When the Miranda Warnings Are Required | p. 51 |
Legal Tactics When Seeking a Confession | p. 52 |
Evidence Collection and Preservation | p. 53 |
Report Writing | p. 54 |
Characteristics of a Well-Written Report | p. 55 |
Testimony in a Court of Law | p. 57 |
Review Questions | p. 58 |
Public and Private Interviewing | p. 61 |
BOX: Part I and Part II Offenses of the Uniform Crime Report | p. 62 |
Investigations in the Public and Private Spheres | p. 63 |
The Collection of Evidence | p. 65 |
Testimonial Evidence | p. 66 |
BOX: Report on Scott County Investigations | p. 67 |
Review Questions | p. 68 |
Rapport and Active Listening | p. 71 |
Building Rapport | p. 72 |
Active Listening | p. 75 |
Attentiveness and Concentration | p. 76 |
Acceptance | p. 78 |
Detachment | p. 79 |
Patience | p. 80 |
Signaling Active Listening | p. 82 |
Body Language | p. 83 |
Body Posture and Movement | p. 83 |
Gestures, Facial Expression, and Tone of Voice | p. 84 |
Eye Contact | p. 84 |
Touch | p. 85 |
Positive Silence | p. 85 |
Review Questions | p. 87 |
Authority and Neutrality in the Investigative Interview | p. 89 |
Authority and Power | p. 89 |
The Misuse of Authority | p. 90 |
The Positive Application of Authority | p. 91 |
BOX: The Value of Restrained Authority | p. 93 |
Neutrality | p. 94 |
BOX: The Value of Keeping an Open Mind | p. 94 |
Signaling Your Neutrality | p. 96 |
Making an Accusation | p. 97 |
Review Questions | p. 97 |
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | p. 99 |
The Four Elements of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | p. 101 |
Climate | p. 102 |
Feedback | p. 102 |
Input | p. 103 |
Output | p. 103 |
Applying the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | p. 103 |
Presenting Expectations Subtly | p. 105 |
Applying the Galatea Effect | p. 106 |
Review Questions | p. 107 |
Overview of the Interview Process | p. 109 |
The Historical Phase | p. 109 |
The Personal Preparation Phase | p. 110 |
The Initial Phase | p. 111 |
Precontact | p. 113 |
The Floating-Point Strategy | p. 113 |
The Preliminary Inquiry | p. 114 |
Strategic Planning | p. 114 |
Evaluating Potential Interviewees | p. 114 |
Creating an Interview Strategy | p. 115 |
Preparing Psychologically for the Interview | p. 116 |
Contact | p. 117 |
Box: The Hidden Persuaders | p. 118 |
First Impressions | p. 119 |
The Interviewee's Evaluation Process | p. 120 |
Elements of Contact | p. 121 |
Contact at the Crime Scene | p. 124 |
The Primary Phase | p. 125 |
"Bones" | p. 127 |
The Narration Question | p. 127 |
The "You" Question | p. 128 |
The "Who" Question | p. 128 |
The "Suspicion" Question | p. 129 |
The "Trust" Question | p. 129 |
The "Verification" Question | p. 129 |
The "Approach" Question | p. 129 |
The "Thoughts" Question | p. 130 |
The "Instruction" Question | p. 130 |
The "Willingness" Question | p. 130 |
The "Consequences" Questions | p. 130 |
The "Kind to Do It" Question | p. 131 |
The "Why It Happened" Question | p. 131 |
The "They Say You Did It" Question | p. 131 |
The "They Say They Saw You" Question | p. 132 |
The "What Would You Say" Question | p. 132 |
The "Expanding Inquiry" Question | p. 132 |
The Terminal Phase | p. 133 |
| p. 133 |
| p. 134 |
The Follow-Up Phase | p. 135 |
| p. 135 |
| p. 136 |
Review Questions | p. 138 |
Setting, Location, Intensity, and Approach in the Interview | p. 141 |
Environmental Setting | p. 141 |
Location of Participants | p. 142 |
Personal Space | p. 142 |
Conversation, Moderate, and Intimate Locations | p. 142 |
The Conversation Location | p. 143 |
The Moderate Location | p. 145 |
The Intimate Locations | p. 146 |
Review and Encouragement Intensities | p. 147 |
Review | p. 148 |
Encouragement | p. 149 |
Intensity Levels | p. 149 |
| p. 149 |
| p. 150 |
| p. 150 |
| p. 151 |
| p. 151 |
Approaches | p. 152 |
The Structured Approach | p. 152 |
The Semistructured Approach | p. 153 |
The Nonstructured Approach | p. 154 |
Putting It All Together | p. 154 |
Review Questions | p. 155 |
Questions and Questioning | p. 157 |
Question Formulation | p. 159 |
Question Presentation | p. 160 |
Types of Questions | p. 161 |
Closed Questions | p. 162 |
Open Questions | p. 162 |
Reflective Questions | p. 163 |
Directive Questions | p. 164 |
Pointed Questions | p. 164 |
Indirect Questions | p. 164 |
Self-Appraisal Questions | p. 165 |
Diversion Questions | p. 165 |
Leading Questions | p. 166 |
Techniques for Effective Questioning | p. 166 |
Having the Gall to Ask | p. 167 |
Encouraging Cooperation | p. 167 |
Mentally Assuming an Affirmative Answer | p. 169 |
Persuing Unanswered Questions | p. 170 |
Identifying and Challenging Deception | p. 171 |
Handling Trial Balloons | p. 172 |
Terminating the Interview | p. 172 |
Review Questions | p. 173 |
Three Case Studies | p. 175 |
The Case of the Impatient Guardian | p. 175 |
The Initial Phase: Precontact | p. 176 |
The Initial Phase: Strategic Planning | p. 176 |
Evaluating Potential Interviewees | p. 177 |
Creating an Interview Strategy | p. 177 |
Preparing Psychologically for the Interview | p. 178 |
The Initial Phase: Contact | p. 178 |
Introduction and Greeting | p. 178 |
Seating | p. 178 |
Announcing My Objective | p. 179 |
Setting the Tone | p. 179 |
Using the Structured Approach | p. 180 |
The Primary Phase--Day 1 | p. 180 |
Violet (10:31 A.M.-10:50 A.M.) | p. 180 |
Sherrie (10:59 A.M.-11:36 A.M.) | p. 181 |
Bill (11:44 A.M.-1:01 P.M.) | p. 182 |
The Primary Phase--Day 2 | p. 183 |
Al (8:29 A.M.-9:05 A.M.) | p. 183 |
Jan (9:14 A.M.-10:19 A.M.) | p. 184 |
Sam (10:31 A.M.-11:24 A.M.) | p. 185 |
Gary (12:27 P.M.-1:19 P.M.) | p. 189 |
Pete (2:13 P.M.-3:24 P.M.) | p. 191 |
The Terminal Phase | p. 194 |
The Follow-Up Phase | p. 195 |
Review Questions | p. 199 |
The Case of the False Allegation | p. 199 |
Background | p. 199 |
The Gentle Interrogation | p. 199 |
Review Questions | p. 209 |
The Case of the Evasive Embezzler | p. 209 |
Background | p. 209 |
The Interrogation | p. 211 |
Review Questions | p. 224 |
Conclusion | p. 225 |
Bibliography | p. 227 |
Index | p. 235 |
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