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An Introduction to Crystal Structures | |
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Introduction | |
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Close-packing | |
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Body-centred and Primitive Structures | |
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Symmetry | |
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Axes of Symmetry | |
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Planes of Symmetry | |
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Inversion | |
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Inversion Axes and Improper Symmetry Axes | |
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Symmetry in Crystals | |
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Lattices and Unit Cells | |
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Lattices | |
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One- and Two-dimensional Unit Cells | |
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Translational Symmetry Elements | |
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Three-dimensional Unit Cells | |
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Miller Indices | |
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Interplanar Spacings | |
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Packing Diagrams | |
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Crystalline solids | |
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Ionic Solids with Formula MX | |
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Solids with General Formula MX[subscript 2] | |
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Other Important Crystal Structures | |
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Ionic Radii | |
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Extended Covalent Arrays | |
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Bonding In Crystals | |
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Atomic Radii | |
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Molecular Structures | |
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Silicates | |
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Lattice Energy | |
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The Born-Haber Cycle | |
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Calculating Lattice Energies | |
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Calculations Using Thermochemical Cycles and Lattice Energies | |
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Conclusion | |
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Questions | |
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Physical Methods for Characterizing Solids | |
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Introduction | |
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X-ray Diffraction | |
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Generation of X-rays | |
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Diffraction of X-rays | |
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Powder Diffraction | |
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Powder Diffraction Patterns | |
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Absences Due to Lattice Centring | |
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Systematic Absences Due to Screw Axes and Glide Planes | |
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Uses of Powder X-ray Diffraction | |
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Single Cystal X-ray Diffraction | |
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The Importance of Intensities | |
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Solving Single Crystal Structures | |
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Neutron Diffraction | |
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Uses of Neutron Diffraction | |
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Electron Microscopy | |
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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) | |
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Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | |
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Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) | |
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Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) | |
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X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy | |
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Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) | |
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X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) | |
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Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MAS NMR) | |
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Thermal Analysis | |
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Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) | |
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Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) | |
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Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) | |
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Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) | |
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Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) | |
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Other Techniques | |
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Questions | |
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Preparative Methods | |
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Introduction | |
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High Temperature Ceramic Methods | |
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Direct Heating of Solids | |
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Reducing the Particle Size and Lowering the Temperature | |
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Microwave Synthesis | |
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The High Temperature Superconductor YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7-x] | |
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Combustion Synthesis | |
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High Pressure Methods | |
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Hydrothermal Methods | |
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High Pressure Gases | |
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Hydrostatic Pressures | |
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Synthetic Diamonds | |
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High Temperature Superconductors | |
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Harder Than Diamond | |
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Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) | |
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Preparation of Semiconductors | |
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Diamond Films | |
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Lithium Niobate | |
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Preparing Single Crystals | |
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Epitaxy Methods | |
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Chemical Vapour Transport | |
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Solution Methods | |
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Intercalation | |
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Graphite Intercalation Compounds | |
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Titanium Disulfide | |
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Pillared Clays | |
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Choosing a Method | |
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Questions | |
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Bonding in Solids and Electronic Properties | |
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Introduction | |
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Bonding in Solids - Free Electron Theory | |
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Electronic Conductivity | |
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Bonding in Solids - Molecular Orbital Theory | |
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Simple Metals | |
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Semiconductors - Si and Ge | |
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Photoconductivity | |
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Doped Semiconductors | |
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The p-n Junction - Field-Effect Transistors | |
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Bands in Compounds - Gallium Arsenide | |
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Bands in d-BlockCompounds - Transition Metal Monoxides | |
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Questions | |
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Defects and Non-Stoichiometry | |
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Point Defects - An Introduction | |
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Defects and their Concentration | |
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Intrinsic Defects | |
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The Concentration of Defects | |
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Extrinsic Defects | |
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Ionic Conductivity in Solids | |
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Solid Electrolytes | |
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Fast-ion Conductors: Silver Ion Conductors | |
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Fast-ion Conductors: Oxygen Ion Conductors | |
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Fast-ion Conductors: Sodium Ion Conductors | |
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Applications | |
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Photography | |
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Colour Centres | |
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Non-stoichiometric Compounds | |
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Introduction | |
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Non-stoichiometry in Wustite | |
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Uranium Dioxide | |
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The Titanium Monoxide Structure | |
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Planar Defects | |
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Crystallographic Shear Planes | |
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Planar Intergrowths | |
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Three-dimensional Defects | |
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Block Structures | |
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Pentagonal Columns | |
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Infinitely Adaptive Structures | |
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Electronic Properties of Non-stoichiometric Oxides | |
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Conclusions | |
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Questions | |
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Carbon-Based Electronics | |
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Introduction | |
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Polyacetylene and Related Polymers | |
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The Discovery of Polyacetylene | |
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Bonding in Polyacetylene and Related Polymers | |
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Organic LEDs | |
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Molecular Metals | |
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One-dimensional Molecular Metals | |
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Two-dimensional Molecular Metals | |
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Polymers and Ionic Conduction - Rechargeable Lithium Batteries | |
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Carbon | |
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Graphite | |
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Intercalation Compounds of Graphite | |
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Buckminster Fullerene | |
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Questions | |
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Zeolites and Related Structures | |
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Introduction | |
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Composition and Structure | |
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Frameworks | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Si/Al Ratios | |
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Exchangeable Cations | |
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Channels and Cavities | |
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Synthesis of Zeolites | |
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Structure Determination | |
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Uses of Zeolites | |
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Dehydrating Agents | |
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Zeolites As Ion Exchangers | |
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Zeolites As Adsorbents | |
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Zeolites As Catalysts | |
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Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Structures | |
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Other Framework Structures | |
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New Materials | |
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Clay Minerals | |
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Postscript | |
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Questions | |
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Optical Properties of Solids | |
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Introduction | |
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The Interaction of Light with Atoms | |
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The Ruby Laser | |
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Phosphors in Fluorescent Lights | |
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Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Semiconductors | |
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Light-Emitting Diodes | |
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The Gallium Arsenide Laser | |
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Quantum Wells - Blue Lasers | |
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Optical Fibres | |
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Photonic Crystals | |
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Questions | |
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Magnetic and Dielectric Properties | |
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Introduction | |
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Magnetic Susceptibility | |
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Paramagnetism in Metal Complexes | |
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Ferromagnetic Metals | |
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Ferromagnetic Domains | |
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Permanent Magnets | |
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Ferromagnetic Compounds - Chromium Dioxide | |
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Audiotapes | |
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Antiferromagnetism - Transition Metal Monoxides | |
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Ferrimagnetism - Ferrites | |
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Giant, Tunnelling, and Colossal Magnetoresistance | |
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Giant Magnetoresistance | |
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Hard Disk Read Heads | |
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Tunnelling and Colossal Magnetoresistance | |
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Electrical Polarisation | |
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Piezoelectric Crystals - [alpha]-quartz | |
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The Ferroelectric Effect | |
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Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors | |
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Questions | |
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Superconductivity | |
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Introduction | |
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Conventional Superconductors | |
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The Discovery of Superconductors | |
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The Magnetic Properties of Superconductors | |
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Josephson Effects | |
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The BCS Theory of Superconductivity | |
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High Temperature Superconductors | |
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The Crystal Structures of High Temperature Superconductors | |
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Theory of High T[subscript c] Superconductors | |
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Ferromagnetic Superconductors | |
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Uses of High Temperature Superconductors | |
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Questions | |
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Nanoscience | |
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Introduction | |
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Consequences of the Nanoscale | |
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Nanoparticle Morphology | |
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Electronic Structure | |
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Optical Properties | |
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Magnetic Properties | |
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Mechanical Properties | |
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Melting | |
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Examples | |
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One-dimensional Nanomaterials | |
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Two-dimensional Nanomaterials | |
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Three-dimensional Nanomaterials | |
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Manipulating Atoms and Molecules | |
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Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy | |
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Atomic Force Microscopy | |
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Nanostencils | |
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Optical Tweezers | |
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Molecular Lithography | |
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Data Storage | |
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Further Reading | |
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Answers Odd Number Questions | |