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| Preface | |
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| Glossary | |
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| The Nature and Investigation of Diseases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Characteristic Features of Diseases | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Pathogenesis | |
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| Manifestations of Diseases | |
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| Outcome of a Disease | |
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| Classification of Diseases | |
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| Epidemiology of Disease | |
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| Investigating Diseases | |
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| Types of Pathology Laboratories | |
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| Role of Hospital Laboratory Tests | |
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| Hospital Laboratory Tests | |
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| Evaluation of Laboratory Tests | |
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| Reference Ranges | |
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| Quality of Test Results and Clinical Auditing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Pathogens and Virulence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Pathogens | |
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| Prions | |
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| Viruses | |
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| Bacteria | |
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| Protozoa, Fungi and Helminths | |
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| Arthropods and Vertebrates | |
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| Virulence Factors | |
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| Defensive Virulence Factors | |
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| Offensive Virulence Factors | |
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| Course of Infection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Infectious Diseases and Treatments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Infections of the Skin | |
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| Infections of the Eyes, Ears and Central Nervous System | |
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| Infections of the Respiratory System | |
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| Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract | |
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| Infections of the Urogenital System | |
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| Sepsis and Systemic Infections | |
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| Investigating Infectious Diseases | |
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| Culture | |
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| Serological Tests | |
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| Biochemical and Molecular Biological Techniques | |
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| Preventing Infectious Diseases | |
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| Controlling the Spread of Pathogens | |
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| Treatment of Infectious Diseases | |
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| Antiviral Drugs | |
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| Antibacterial Drugs | |
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| Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Drugs | |
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| Combination Therapy | |
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| Surgery | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Immune System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Immune Defense | |
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| Nonspecific Defenses | |
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| Interferons | |
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| Complement | |
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| Nonspecific Cells | |
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| Mononuclear Leukocytes | |
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| Inflammation and the Acute Phase Response | |
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| Specific Immune Responses | |
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| Roles of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
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| Humoral Immunity | |
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| Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
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| Small Lymphocytes | |
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| Production of a Specific Immune Response | |
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| Humoral Immunity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Disorders of the Immune System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Immunodeficiency Diseases | |
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| Primary Immunodeficiency Disease | |
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| Autoimmune Disorders | |
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| Classification of Autoimmune Disorders | |
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| Autoimmune Disorders Affecting Endocrine Glands | |
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| Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease | |
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| Myasthenia Gravis | |
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | |
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| Immunological Hypersensitivity | |
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| Hypersensitivity | |
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| Hypersensitivity | |
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| Hypersensitivity | |
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| Delayed Type Hypersensitivity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Transfusion and Transplantation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Blood and Blood Products for Transfusion | |
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| The Discovery of the Blood Group Systems | |
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| The ABO Blood Group System (ISBT 001) | |
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| The Antigens of the ABO System | |
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| Antibodies of the ABO Blood Group System | |
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| Consequences of ABO Incompatible Transfusions | |
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| The Rh Blood Group System (ISBT 004) | |
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| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | |
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| Other Blood Group Systems | |
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| Laboratory Determination of Blood Groups | |
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| Role of Complement in Transfusion Reactions | |
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| Hazards of Transfusion | |
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| Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury | |
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| Iron Overload | |
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| Alloimmunization | |
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| Graft versus Host Disease | |
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| Infections | |
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| Screening of Blood Donors | |
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| Transplantation of Solid Tissues and Organs | |
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| Immunological Rejection of Transplants | |
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| Causes of Graft Rejection | |
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| The HLA System | |
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| HLA Typing | |
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| Immunosuppression | |
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| Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | |
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| Bone Marrow Transplantation | |
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| Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation | |
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| Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Transplantation | |
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| Identification of Hemopoietic Stem Cells | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Disorders of the Endocrine System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hormone Production | |
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| Mechanisms of Hormonal Action | |
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| Causes of Endocrine Disorders | |
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| The Pituitary Gland | |
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| Disorders of Pituitary Function | |
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| Growth Hormone Disorders | |
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| Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone Disorders | |
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| Thyroid Hormone Disorders | |
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| Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Disorders | |
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| Regulation of Blood Glucose | |
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| Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Hypoglycemia | |
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| Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex | |
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| Addison's Disease | |
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| Cushing's Syndrome | |
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| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | |
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| Conn's Syndrome | |
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| Reproductive Hormones | |
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| Disorders of Sex Hormones | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Disorders of Water, Electrolytes and Urate Balances | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Kidneys | |
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| Renal Function Tests | |
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| Renal Failure | |
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| Disorders of Water Homeostasis | |
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| Disorders of Na[superscript +] Homeostasis | |
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| Disorders of K[superscript +] Homeostasis | |
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| Disorders of Ca[superscript 2+] Homeostasis | |
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| Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis | |
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| Disorders of Mg[superscript 2+] Homeostasis | |
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| Disorders of Urate Metabolism | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Disorders of Acid-Base Balance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Production and Transport of Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Buffering and the Excretion of H[superscript +] | |
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| Types of Acid-Base Disorders | |
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| Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders | |
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| Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders | |
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| Mixed Acid-Base Disorders | |
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| Investigating Acid-Base Disorders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Diet and Disease | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Diet and Nutrition | |
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| Nutrients and Energy | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Proteins | |
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| Water | |
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| Vitamins | |
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| Minerals and Trace Elements | |
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| Nutritional Disorders | |
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| Protein-Energy Malnutrition | |
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| Obesity | |
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| Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa | |
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| Disorders of Vitamin Nutrition | |
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| Nutritional Disorders of Minerals and Trace Elements | |
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| Investigating Nutritional Disorders | |
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| Protein-Energy Malnutrition | |
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| Obesity | |
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| Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa | |
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| Vitamins | |
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| Minerals and Trace Elements | |
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| General Management of Nutritional Disorders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Gastrointestinal Tract and its Accessory Organs | |
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| Digestion | |
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| Mouth | |
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| Stomach | |
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| Small Intestine | |
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| Absorption of the Products of Digestion | |
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| Activities of the Large Intestine | |
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| The Small Intestine and Homeostasis | |
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| Hormonal Control of GIT Secretions | |
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| Disorders of the GIT and Accessory Organs | |
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| Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas | |
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| Disorders of the Liver, Gall Bladder and Bile Duct | |
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| Disorders of the Stomach | |
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| Disorders of the Small Intestine | |
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| Disorders of the Large Intestine | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Toxicology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Drug Action, Metabolism, Distribution and Excretion | |
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| Physiological Detoxification Mechanisms | |
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| Symptomatic Poisoning | |
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| Common Poisons | |
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| Paracetamol | |
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| Aspirin | |
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| Ethanol | |
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| Methanol | |
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| Ethylene Glycol | |
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| Barbiturates | |
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| Carbon Monoxide | |
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| Paraquat | |
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| Metals | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Disorders of the Blood | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Blood Cells and Platelets | |
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| Hemoglobins | |
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| Key Properties of Hemoglobin | |
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| Embryonic and Fetal Hemoglobins | |
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| Hemostasis and Blood Clotting | |
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| The Intrinsic Pathway | |
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| The Extrinsic Pathway | |
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| Common Final Pathway | |
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| Prevention of Clotting | |
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| Dissolution of Clots | |
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| Anemias | |
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| Microcytic Anemias | |
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| Macrocytic Anemia | |
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| Hemoglobinopathies | |
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| Sickle Cell Anemia | |
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| The Thalassemias | |
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| Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD) | |
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| Favism | |
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| Clinical Aspects of Clotting | |
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| Vitamin K and Anticoagulants | |
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| Hemophilia | |
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| Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Disorders of the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Heart and Circulatory Systems | |
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| Blood Vessels | |
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| Arteries | |
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| Veins | |
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| Capillaries | |
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| Blood Pressure | |
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| Investigating Cardiac Function in Health and Disease | |
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| The Electrocardiogram (ECG) | |
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| Echocardiography | |
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| Cardiac Catheterization (Angiography) | |
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| Angiography and Radiographic Visualization | |
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| Exercise Stress Test | |
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| Endocarditis | |
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| Abnormal Heart Rhythms | |
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| Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter | |
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| Ventricular Tachycardia | |
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| Ventricular Fibrillation | |
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| Heart Block | |
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| Cardic Failure | |
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| Investigation | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Chronic Heart Failure | |
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| Acute Heart Failure | |
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| Ischemic Heart Disease | |
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| Cardiomyopathies | |
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| Dilated Congestive Cardiomyopathy | |
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| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | |
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| Restrictive Cardiomyopathy | |
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| Heart Valve Disorders | |
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| Heart Tumors | |
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| Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis | |
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| Angina | |
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| Cholesterol and Lipoproteins | |
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| Myocardial Infarction | |
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| Plasma Enzymes in Myocardial Infarction | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Coronary Bypass Surgery | |
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| Pericardial Diseases | |
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| Disorders of Arteries and Veins | |
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| Peripheral Arterial Disease | |
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| Aneurysms | |
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| Aortic Dissection | |
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| Stroke | |
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| Varicose Veins | |
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| Deep Vein Thrombosis | |
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| Clinical Problems Associated with Blood Pressure | |
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| Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) | |
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| Shock | |
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| High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Genetic Diseases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Genetics and DNA | |
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| DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle | |
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| Mitosis and Meiosis | |
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| Genotype and Phenotype | |
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| Inheritance and Mutations | |
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| Sex-linked Genetic Diseases | |
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| Inherited Gene Disorders | |
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| Consequences of an Enzyme Deficiency | |
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| National Screening Programs for Inherited Diseases | |
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| Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype | |
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| Fragile Sites | |
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| Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations | |
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| Deletions | |
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| Duplications | |
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| Inversions | |
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| Translocations | |
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| Variations in Chromosome Numbers | |
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| Aneuploidy | |
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| Euploidy | |
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| Detecting, Diagnosing and Screening Human Genetics Diseases | |
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| Detection of Hereditary Diseases | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Membrane, Organelle and Cytoskeletal Disorders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nucleus and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport | |
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| Clinical Aspects of Nucleocytoplasmic Transport | |
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| Plasma Membrane Disorders | |
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| Cystic Fibrosis | |
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| Mitochondrial Disorders | |
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| Causes of Mitochondrial Disorders | |
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| Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Disorders | |
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| Peroxisomal Disorders | |
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| Diagnosis and Treatment of Peroxisomal Disorders | |
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| Lysosomal Disorders | |
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| Diagnosis and Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disorders | |
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| Cytoskeletal Disorders | |
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| Muscular Dystrophies | |
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| Hereditary Elliptocytosis and Spherocytosis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Cancer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classification of Cancer Types | |
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| Epidemiology of Cancer | |
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| Molecular Biology of Cancer | |
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| Oncogenes | |
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| Tumor Suppressor Genes | |
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| Causes of Cancer | |
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| Inherited Cancers | |
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| Chromosomes and Cancer | |
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| Chemical Carcinogens | |
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| Diet and Cancer | |
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| Radiation and Cancer | |
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| Viruses and Cancer | |
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| General Diagnosis of Cancer | |
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| Clinical Tests for Cancer | |
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| General Treatment of Cancer | |
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| Chemotherapy | |
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| Radiation Therapy | |
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| Immunotherapy | |
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| Specific Types of Cancers | |
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| Lung Cancer | |
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| Breast Cancer | |
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| Prostate Cancer | |
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| Colorectal Cancer | |
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| Leukemias | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Aging and Disease | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Aging of Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems | |
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| Cells | |
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| Tissues | |
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| Organs | |
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| Systems | |
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| Causes of Aging | |
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| 'Wear and Tear' Theories | |
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| Genome-Based Theories | |
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| Age-Related Diseases | |
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| Cancer | |
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| Cardiovascular Disease | |
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| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | |
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| Cataracts | |
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| Arthritis | |
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| Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Calorie Restriction and Aging | |
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| Investigations and Management of the Elderly | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Case Study Discussions | |
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| Answers to Questions | |
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| Index | |