| |
| |
| |
| What Is Nuclear Medicine? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Power of Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Current Practice of Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Role of Physics in Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantities and Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atoms | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nucleus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modes of Radioactive Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry and Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decay by [beta superscript -] Emission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decay by ([beta superscript -], [gamma]) Emission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Isomeric Transition (IT) and Internal Conversion (IC) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electron Capture (EC) and (EC, [gamma]) Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Positron ([beta superscript +]) and ([beta superscript +], [gamma]) Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Competitive [beta superscript +] and EC Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decay by [alpha] Emission and by Nuclear, Fission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decay Modes and the Line of Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sources of Information on Radionuclides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decay of Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exponential Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods for Determining Decay Factors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image-Frame Decay Corrections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specific Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decay of a Mixed Radionuclide Sample | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parent-Daughter Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radionuclide and Radiopharmaceutical Production | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reactor-Produced Radionuclides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Accelerator-Produced Radionuclides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radionuclide Generators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equations for Radionuclide Production | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radionuclides for Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiopharmaceutical Preparation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction of Radiation with Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interactions of Charged Particles with Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Charged-Particle Ranges | |
| |
| |
| |
| Passage of High-Energy Photons through Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attenuation of Photon Beams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Detectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas-Filled Detectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semiconductor Detectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scintillation Detectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electronic Instrumentation for Radiation Detection Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preamplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse-Height Analyzers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time-to-Amplitude Converters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Counters and Rate Meters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coincidence Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| High-Voltage Power Supplies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Instrument Modules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cathode Ray Tube | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oscilloscopes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computer Monitors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Counting Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Measurement Error | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Counting Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propagation of Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications of Statistical Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse-Height Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spectrometry with Nal(TI) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spectrometry with Other Detectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problems in Radiation Detection and Measurement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detection Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problems in the Detection and Measurement of [beta] Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dead Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quality Assurance for Radiation Measurement Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Counting Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nal(TI) Well Counter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Counting with Conventional Nal(TI) Detectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liquid Scintillation Counters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas-Filled Detectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semiconductor Detector Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Vivo Counting Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Gamma Camera: Basic Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Concepts of Radionuclide Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Principles of the Gamma Camera | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Gamma Cameras and Their Clinical Uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Gamma Camera: Performance Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Performance Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detector Limitations: Nonuniformity and Nonlinearity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design and Performance Characteristics of Parallel-Hole Collimators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Characteristics of Converging, Diverging, and Pinhole Collimators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measurements of Gamma Camera Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Quality in Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Methods for Characterizing and Evaluating Image Quality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contrast | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Observer Performance Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tomographic Reconstruction in Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Concepts, Notation, and Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Backprojection and Fourier-Based Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Quality in Fourier Transform and Filtered Backprojection Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reconstruction of Fan-Beam and Cone-Beam Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| SPECT Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical Implementation of SPECT | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Characteristics of SPECT Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications of SPECT | |
| |
| |
| |
| Positron Emission Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Annihilation Coincidence Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| PET Detector and Scanner Designs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Acquisition for PET | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Corrections and Quantitative Aspects of PET | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical and Research Applications of PET | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Image Processing in Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Images | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Image-Processing Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Processing Environment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tracer Kinetic Modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tracers and Compartments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tracer Delivery and Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulation of a Compartmental Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of Dynamic Imaging and Tracer Kinetic Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internal Radiation Dosimetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Dose and Equivalent Dose: Quantities and Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculation of Radiation Dose (MIRD Method) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Safety and Health Physics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantities and Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulations Pertaining to the Use of Radionuclides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disposal of Radioactive Waste | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Monitoring | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unit Conversions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of the Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Some Medically Important Radionuclides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Water, Sodium lodide, BGO, CZT, and Lead | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effective Dose Equivalent (mSv/MBq) and Radiation Absorbed Dose Estimates (mGy/MBq) to Adult Subjects from Selected Internally Administered Radiopharmaceuticals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fourier Transform | |
| |
| |
| |
| The FT: What It Represents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculating FTs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Properties of FTs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Examples of FTs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Convolutions | |
| |
| |
| Index | |