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| List of Illustrations | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| 70 CE-1492: How Many Jews Were There, and Where and How Did They Live? | |
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| From Jesus to Muhammad (I CE-622): A World of Farmers | |
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| From Muhammad to Hulagu Khan (622-1258): Farmers to Merchants | |
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| From Hulagu Khan to Tom�s de Torquemada (1258-1492): The End of the Golden Age | |
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| Jewish History, 70 CE-1492: Puzzles | |
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| Were the Jews a Persecuted Minority? | |
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| Restrictions on Jewish Economic Activities | |
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| Taxation Discrimination | |
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| Physical versus Portable Human Capital | |
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| Self-Segregated Religious Minority | |
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| The Economics of Small Minorities | |
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| Summary | |
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| The People of the Book, 200 BCE-200 CE | |
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| The Two Pillars of Judaism from Ezra to Hillel (500-50 BCE): The Temple and the Torah | |
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| The Lever of Judaism: Education as a Religious Norm | |
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| The Destruction of the Second Temple: From Ritual Sacrifices to Torach Reading and Study | |
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| The Legacy of Rabbinic Judaism: The Mishna and Universal Primary Education, 10 CE-200 | |
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| Judaism and Education: The Unique Link in the World of the Mishna | |
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| The Economics of Hebrew Literacy in a World of Farmers | |
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| Heterogeneity and the Choices Facing Jewish Farmers circa 200 | |
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| The Economic Theory: Basic Setup | |
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| The Economic Theory: Predictions | |
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| Life in a Village in the Galilee circa 200 through the Lens of the Theory | |
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| Annex 4.A: Formal Model of Education and Conversion of Farmers | |
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| Jews in the Talmud Era, 200-650: The Chosen Few | |
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| An Increasingly Literate Farming Society | |
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| Conversions of Jewish Farmers | |
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| Summary | |
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| From Farmers to Merchants, 750-1150 | |
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| The Economics of Hebrew Literacy in a World of Merchants | |
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| The Golden Age of Literate Jews in the Muslim Caliphates | |
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| Summary | |
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| Annex 6.A: Formal Model of Education and Conversion of Merchants | |
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| Educated Wandering Jews, 800-1250 | |
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| Wandering Jews before Marco Polo | |
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| Jewish Migration within the Muslim Caliphates | |
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| Migration of Byzantine Jewry | |
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| Jewish Migration to and within Christian Europe | |
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| Migration of the Jewish Religious Center | |
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| Summary | |
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| Segregation or Choice? From Merchants to Moneylenders, 1000-1500 | |
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| The Economics of Money and Credit in Medieval Europe | |
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| Jewish Prominence in Moneylending: Hypotheses | |
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| The Dynamics of Jewish Moneylending in Medieval Europe | |
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| Jewish Moneylending in Medieval Italy: A Detailed Analysis | |
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| Attitudes toward Moneylending | |
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| Facts and Competing Hypotheses | |
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| From Merchants to Moneylenders: Comparative Advantage in Complex Intermediation | |
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| Annex 8.A: The Charter to the Jews of Vienna | |
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| The Mongol Shock: Can Judaism Survive When Trade and Urban Economies Collapse? | |
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| The Mongol Conquest of the Muslim Middle East | |
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| Socioeconomic Conditions in the Middle East under the Mongols | |
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| Jewish Demography under Mongol and Mamluk Rule: An Experiment | |
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| Why Judaism Cannot Survive When Trade and Urban Economies Collapse | |
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| Summary | |
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| 1492 to Today: Open Questions | |
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| Portrait of World Jewry circa 1492 | |
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| Jewish History, 70 CE-1492: Epilogue | |
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| Trajectory of the Jewish People over the Past 500 Years | |
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| Persistence of Jewish Occupational Structure | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |