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| Preface | |
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| The Trade and Environment Debate | |
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| Globalization and the Trade versus Environment Debate | |
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| Two Questions and a Preview of Our Answers | |
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| Our Method of Analysis | |
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| Plan of the Book | |
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| Pollution in a Small Open Economy | |
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| Technology | |
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| Equilibrium along the Net and Potential Production Frontiers | |
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| Scale, Composition, and Technique Effects | |
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| Endogenous Pollution Policy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve? | |
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| Equilibrium Pollution and the Environmental Kuznets Curve | |
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| Sources of Growth | |
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| Income Effects | |
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| Threshold Effects | |
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| Increasing Returns to Abatement | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Trade Liberalization and Environmental Quality | |
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| Trade Frictions | |
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| Trade Liberalization with Rigid Pollution Policy | |
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| Trade Liberalization with Flexible Pollution Policy | |
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| The Political Economy Motive | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Pollution Haven Models of International Trade | |
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| Exogenous Policy Differences: Rigid Emission Intensities | |
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| Exogenous Policy Differences: Marketable Permit Systems | |
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| Endogenous Pollution Havens | |
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| Global Pollution and the World Composition Effect | |
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| Environmentally Friendly Pollution Havens | |
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| Northern and Southern Institutional Differences | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Factor Endowments, Policy Differences, and Pollution | |
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| Exogenous Policy: The Role of Factor Endowments | |
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| Endogenous Policy: Factor Endowments and Comparative Advantage | |
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| Correlated Characteristics: Being Rich and Capital Abundant | |
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| An Illustrative Example | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Is Free Trade Good for the Environment? An Empirical Assessment | |
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| Three Questions That Deserve an Answer | |
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| The Pollution Data | |
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| Deriving the Reduced Form | |
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| From Theory to Estimation | |
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| Empirical Results | |
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| Alternative Specifications and Theories | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Flexible Pollution Policy | |
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| Growth Is Not Trade | |
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| The Pollution Haven and Factor Endowments Hypotheses | |
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| Directions for Future Research | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |