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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Health in Low-Income Countries | |
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| The Disease Environment in Low-Income Countries | |
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| Weak Health-Care Infrastructure | |
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| Malaria, Tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS | |
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| The Impact of Cheap, Simple Technologies | |
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| The Paucity of Private R&D Targeted to the Needs of Low-Income Countries | |
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| The Extent of R&D Targeted to Low-Income Countries | |
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| The Scientific Potential for New Vaccines | |
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| Market and Government Failures | |
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| Why Target Foreign Assistance to Vaccine R&D? | |
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| The Patent Tradeoff | |
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| Low-Income Countries and Intellectual Property | |
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| Social versus Private Return: Some Quantitative Estimates | |
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| The Role of Public Purchases | |
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| The Role of Push PRograms | |
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| Meningococcal Meningitis: An Example of a Successful Push Program | |
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| A Cautionary Tale: The USAID Malaria Vaccine Program | |
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| Incentives under Push Programs | |
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| The Potential Role of Pull Programs | |
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| The Effect of Market Size on Innovation | |
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| The Impact of Financial Incentive Programs | |
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| Examples of Pull Programs Stimulating Research | |
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| Advantages and Limitations of Pull Programs | |
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| Pull Programs: A Menu | |
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| Commitments to Finance Purchase of Products and Patents | |
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| Patent Extensions on Other Pharmaceuticals as Compensation for Vaccine Development | |
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| Best-Entry Tournaments | |
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| Expanding the Market for Existing Vaccines and Drugs | |
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| Determining Eligibility | |
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| Basic Technical Requirements | |
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| Independent Adjudication Committee | |
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| Market-Test Requirement | |
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| Exit Clauses | |
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| How Much Should We Promise to Pay for a Vaccine? | |
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| What Market Size Is Needed to Spur Research? | |
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| Cost-Effectiveness: What Is a Vaccine Worth? | |
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| How Should Payment be Structured? | |
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| Paying for Multiple Vaccines and Market Exclusivity | |
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| Bonus Payments Based on Product Quality | |
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| Increasing the Promised Price over Time | |
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| Avoiding Windfalls | |
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| Industry Consultations | |
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| Scope of the Commitment | |
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| What Diseases to Cover? | |
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| Vaccines, Drugs, and Other Technologies | |
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| Incentives for Agricultural R&D | |
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| Moving Forward With Vaccine Commitments | |
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| Making a Commitment Legally Binding | |
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| The Politics of Creating Markets for Vaccines and Drugs | |
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| Potential Sponsors of New Markets for Vaccines and Drugs | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |