Nuclear Medicine Physics The Basics

Name: Nuclear Medicine Physics The Basics
Price: 48.07 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780683300925

ISBN-10: 068330092X

ISBN-13: 9780683300925

Edition: 5th 1997 (Revised)

Authors: Ramesh Chandra

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Description:

his is an introductory book on physics and related basic sciences of nuclear medicine. The book is designed primarily for residents in radiology and nuclear medicine and students studying nuclear medicine technology

Book details

List price: $49.95
Edition: 5th
Copyright year: 1997
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 198
Size: 7.00" wide x 10.00" long
Weight: 0.792
Language: English

Preface	p. xiii
Basic Review	p. 1
Matter, Elements, and Atoms	p. 1
Simplified Structure of an Atom	p. 1
Molecules	p. 2
Binding Energy, Ionization, and Excitation	p. 2
Forces or Fields	p. 3
Electromagnetic Forces	p. 3
Characteristic X-Rays and Auger Electrons	p. 4
Interchangeability of Mass and Energy	p. 5
Nuclides and Radioactive Processes	p. 7
Nuclides and Their Classification	p. 7
Nuclear Structure and Excited States of a Nuclide	p. 7
Radionuclides and Stability of Nuclides	p. 8
Radioactive Series or Chain	p. 9
Radioactive Processes and Conservation Laws	p. 9
Alpha Decay	p. 9
Beta Decay	p. 10
Gamma Decay or Isomeric Transition	p. 12
Decay Schemes	p. 13
Radioactivity: Law of Decay, Half-Life, and Statistics	p. 20
Radioactivity: Definition, Units, and Dosage	p. 20
Law of Decay	p. 21
Calculation of the Mass of a Radioactive Sample	p. 21
Specific Activity	p. 22
The Exponential Law of Decay	p. 22
Half-Life	p. 23
Problems on Radioactive Decay	p. 24
Average Life (T[subscript av])	p. 25
Biological Half-Life	p. 25
Effective Half-Life	p. 26
Statistics of Radioactive Decay	p. 27
Poisson Distribution, Standard Deviation, and Percent Standard Deviation	p. 27
Propagation of Statistical Errors	p. 28
Room Background	p. 29
Production of Radionuclides	p. 31
Methods of Radionuclide Production	p. 31
Reactor-Produced Radionuclides	p. 31
Accelerator- or Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides	p. 32
Fission-Produced Radionuclides	p. 33
General Considerations in the Production of Radionuclides	p. 33
Production of Short-Lived Radionuclides, Using a Generator	p. 34
Principles of a Generator	p. 34
Description of a Typical Generator	p. 36
Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 40
Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical	p. 40
Selection of a Radionuclide	p. 40
Selection of a Chemical	p. 41
Development of a Radiopharmaceutical	p. 41
Chemical Studies	p. 41
Animal Distribution and Toxicity Studies	p. 42
Human or Clinical Studies	p. 42
Quality Control of a Radiopharmaceutical	p. 42
Radionuclidic Purity	p. 42
Radiochemical Purity	p. 43
Chemical Purity	p. 43
Sterility	p. 43
Apyrogenicity	p. 43
Labeling of Radiopharmaceuticals with Technetium-99m	p. 43
Technetium-99m-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 44
Technetium-99m Pertechnetate ([superscript 99m]TcO[superscript - subscript 4])	p. 44
Technetium-99m-Labeled Sulfur Colloid	p. 44
Technetium-99m-Labeled Macroaggregated Albumin ([superscript 99m]Tc MAA)	p. 45
Technetium-99m-Labeled Polyphosphate, Pyrophosphate, and Diphosphonate	p. 45
Technetium-99m-Labeled Human Serum Albumin	p. 45
Technetium-99m-Labeled Red Cells	p. 45
Technetium-99m-Labeled 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA)	p. 46
Technetium-99m-Labeled Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA)	p. 46
Technetium-99m-Labeled Glucoheptonate	p. 46
Technetium-99m-Labeled Mertiatide (MAG3)	p. 46
Technetium-99m-Labeled 2,6-Dimethyl Acetanilide Iminodiacetic Acid (HIDA) and Related Compounds (Diethyl-IDA, PIPIDA, and DISIDA)	p. 46
Technetium-99m-Labeled Sestamibi (Cardiolite)	p. 46
Technetium-99m-Labeled Teboroxime (Cardiotec)	p. 47
Technetium-99m-Labeled Tetrofosmin (Myoview)	p. 47
Technetium-99m-Labeled Brain Imaging Agents (Exametazime [Ceretec], Hexamethylpropyleneamine Oxime [HMPAO], and Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer [ECD])	p. 47
Radioiodine-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals ([superscript 131]I and [superscript 123]I)	p. 47
Iodine-131- or Iodine-123-Labeled Sodium Iodide	p. 48
Other Iodine-123-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 48
Compounds Labeled with Other Radionuclides	p. 48
Gallium-67 Citrate	p. 48
Thallous-201 Chloride	p. 48
Chromium-51-Labeled Red Cells	p. 49
Indium-111-Labeled DTPA	p. 49
Indium-111-Labeled Platelets and Leukocytes	p. 49
Indium-111-Labeled DTPA Pentetreotide (OctreoScan)	p. 49
Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies and Synthetic Peptides	p. 49
Radioactive Gases and Aerosols	p. 50
Radiopharmeceuticals for PET Imaging	p. 50
[superscript 18]FDG (2-deoxy-fluoro-D-glucose)	p. 51
Therapeutic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 51
Design of a Radiopharmaceutical for Therapeutic Uses	p. 51
Problems and Uses	p. 51
Misadministration of Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 52
Interaction of High-Energy Radiation With Matter	p. 55
Interaction of Charged Particles (10 keV to 10 MeV)	p. 55
Principal Mechanism of Interaction	p. 55
Differences Between Lighter and Heavier Charged Particles	p. 55
Range R of a Charged Particle	p. 56
Factors That Affect Range, R	p. 57
Bremsstrahlung Production	p. 57
Stopping Power (S)	p. 57
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)	p. 58
Difference Between LET and Stopping Power S	p. 58
Annihilation of Positrons	p. 58
Interaction of x- or [gamma]-rays (10 keV to 10 MeV)	p. 58
Attenuation and Transmission of X- or [gamma]-Rays	p. 58
Attenuation Through Heterogeneous Medium	p. 60
Mass Attenuation Coefficient, [mu] (mass)	p. 60
Atomic Attenuation Coefficient, [mu] (atom)	p. 60
Mechanisms of Interaction	p. 61
Dependence of [mu] (mass) and [mu] (linear) on Z	p. 63
Relative Importance of the Three Processes	p. 64
Interaction of Neutrons	p. 64
Radiation Dosimetry	p. 66
General Comments on Radiation Dose Calculations	p. 66
Definitions and Units	p. 66
Radiation Dose, D	p. 67
Radiation Dose Rate, dD/dt	p. 67
Parameters or Data Needed	p. 67
Calculation of the Radiation Dose	p. 67
Rate of Energy Emission	p. 68
Rate of Energy Absorption	p. 68
Dose Rate, dD/dt	p. 69
Average Dose, D	p. 70
Simplification of Radiation Dose Calculations Using "S" Factor	p. 70
Some Illustrative Examples	p. 72
Radiation Doses in Routine Imaging Procedures	p. 74
Radiation Dose to a Fetus	p. 74
Detection of High-Energy Radiation	p. 77
What Do We Want to Know About Radiation?	p. 77
Simple Detection	p. 77
Quantity of Radiation	p. 77
Energy of the Radiation	p. 77
Nature of Radiation	p. 77
What Makes One Radiation Detector Better Than Another?	p. 78
Intrinsic Efficiency or Sensitivity	p. 78
Dead Time or Resolving Time	p. 78
Energy Discrimination Capability or Energy Resolution	p. 79
Other Considerations	p. 79
Types of Detectors	p. 79
Gas-Filled Detectors	p. 79
Scintillation Detectors (Counters)	p. 84
Semiconductor Detectors	p. 92
In Vitro Radiation Detection	p. 95
Overall Efficiency E	p. 95
Intrinsic Efficiency	p. 95
Geometric Efficiency	p. 95
Well-type NaI(Tl) Scintillation Detectors (Well Counters)	p. 96
Liquid Scintillation Detectors	p. 98
Basic Components	p. 99
Preparation of the Sample Detector Vial	p. 100
Problems Arising in Sample Preparation	p. 100
In Vivo Radiation Detection: Basic Problems, Probes, and Rectilinear Scanners	p. 103
Basic Problems	p. 103
Collimation	p. 103
Scattering	p. 104
Attenuation	p. 106
Organ Uptake Probes	p. 107
NaI(Tl) Detector	p. 107
Collimator	p. 107
Organ Imaging Devices	p. 107
Rectilinear Scanner	p. 108
In Vivo Radiation Detection: Scintillation Camera	p. 110
Scintillation Camera	p. 110
Collimators	p. 111
Detector, NaI(Tl) Crystal	p. 114
Position Determining Circuit (x, y Coordinates)	p. 115
Display	p. 117
Imaging with a Scintillation Camera	p. 119
Interfacing with a Computer or All-digital Camera	p. 120
Digitization in General	p. 120
Digitization in the Scintillation Camera	p. 121
Some Applications of Computers	p. 122
Automatic Acquisition of Images	p. 122
Display of Images	p. 124
Analysis of the Images	p. 124
Operational Characteristics and Quality Control of a Scintillation Camera	p. 128
Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Spatial Resolution	p. 128
Point-Spread Function and FWHM	p. 128
Modulation Transfer Function	p. 128
Resolution of an Imaging Chain	p. 130
Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Sensitivity	p. 130
Point Sensitivity S[subscript P]	p. 130
Line Sensitivity S[subscript L]	p. 130
Plane Sensitivity S[subscript A]	p. 130
Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imager	p. 131
Scintillation Camera	p. 131
Loss of Spatial Resolution Resulting from Septal Penetration	p. 132
Variation in Spatial Resolution with Depth	p. 132
Uniformity and High Count Rate Performance of a Scintillation Camera	p. 132
Uniformity	p. 133
High Count Rate Performance	p. 134
Quality Control of Imaging Devices	p. 135
Scintillation Camera	p. 135
Detectability or Final Contrast in an Image	p. 139
Parameters that Affect Detectability of a Lesion	p. 139
Object Contrast	p. 139
Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imaging Device	p. 140
Statistical (Quantum) Noise	p. 140
Projection of Volume Distribution into Areal Distribution	p. 142
Compton Scattering of [gamma]-Rays	p. 142
Attenuation	p. 143
Object Motion	p. 143
Display Parameters	p. 143
Contrast-Detail Curve	p. 143
Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curve	p. 144
Emission Computed Tomography	p. 146
Principles of Transverse Tomography	p. 146
Considerations in Data Acquisition	p. 146
Reconstruction of the Cross Section	p. 148
Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography	p. 149
Data Acquisition with a Scintillation Camera	p. 149
Collimators	p. 150
Attenuation Correction	p. 151
Scatter Correction	p. 151
Resolution Correction	p. 152
Other Requirements or Sources of Error	p. 153
Positron Emission Tomography	p. 153
Why PET?	p. 153
Principles of PET	p. 153
PET Instrumentation	p. 156
PET-CT and PET-SPECT Instrument	p. 157
High-energy SPECT and PET with a Scintillation Camera	p. 159
Biological Effects of Radiation and Risk Evaluation from Radiation Exposure	p. 160
Mechanism of Biological Damage	p. 160
Factors Affecting Biological Damage	p. 160
Radiation Dose	p. 160
Dose Rate	p. 161
LET or Type of Radiation	p. 161
Type of Tissue	p. 161
Amount of Tissue	p. 162
Rate of Cell Turnover	p. 162
Biological Variation	p. 162
Chemical Modifiers	p. 162
Biological Effect, Equivalent Dose, and Dose Equivalent	p. 162
Equivalent Dose	p. 162
Dose Equivalent	p. 162
Deleterious Effects in Humans	p. 163
Acute Effects	p. 163
Late Effects	p. 163
Radiation Effects in the Fetus	p. 164
Different Radiation Exposures and the Concept of Effective Dose or Effective Dose Equivalent	p. 164
Sources of Radiation Exposure	p. 165
Methodology for Comparison of Different Exposures	p. 165
Effective Doses in Nuclear Medicine and Comparison with Other Sources of Exposure	p. 166
Methods of Safe Handling of Radionuclides and Pertaining Rules and Regulations	p. 168
Principles of Reducing Exposure from External Sources	p. 168
Time	p. 168
Distance	p. 169
Shielding	p. 169
Avoiding Internal Contamination	p. 170
The Radioactive Patient	p. 171
Rules and Regulations	p. 171
U.S. Regulatory Agencies	p. 171
Exposure or Dose Limits: Annual Limit on Intake and Derived Air Concentration	p. 171
ALARA Principle	p. 172
Types of Licenses	p. 172
Radiation Safety Committee and Radiation Safety Officer	p. 172
Personnel Monitoring	p. 173
Receipt, Use, and Disposal of Radionuclides	p. 173
Control and Labeling of Areas Where Radionuclides are Stored and/or Used	p. 173
Contamination Survey and Radiation-Level Monitoring	p. 174
Receiving and Shipping (Transport) of Radioactive Packages	p. 174
Accidental Radioactive Spills	p. 174
Appendix A: Physical Characteristics of Some Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine	p. 177
Appendix B: CGS and SI Units	p. 181
Appendix C: Exponential Table	p. 183
Appendix D: Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine	p. 185
Appendix E: Organ Masses of a Standard Man	p. 187
Answers	p. 189
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 195
Index	p. 197
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.