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| Introduction: How to write history of biology | |
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| Subjectivity and bias | |
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| Why study the history of biology? | |
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| The place of biology in the sciences and its conceptual structure | |
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| The nature of science | |
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| Method in science | |
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| The position of biology within the sciences | |
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| How and why is biology different? | |
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| Special characteristics of living organisms | |
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| Reduction and biology | |
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| Emergence | |
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| The conceptual structure of biology | |
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| A new philosophy of biology | |
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| The changing intellectual milieu of biology | |
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| Antiquity | |
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| The Christian world picture | |
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| The Renaissance | |
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| The discovery of diversity | |
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| Biology in the Enlightenment | |
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| The rise of science from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century | |
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| Divisive developments in the nineteenth century | |
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| Biology in the twentieth century | |
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| Major periods in the history of biology | |
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| Biology and philosophy | |
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| Biology today | |
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| Diversity of Life | |
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| Macrotaxonomy, the science of classifying | |
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| Aristotle | |
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| The classification of plants by the ancients and the herbalists | |
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| Downward classification by logical division | |
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| Pre-Linnaean zoologists | |
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| Carl Linnaeus | |
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| Buffon | |
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| A new start in animal classification | |
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| Taxonomic characters | |
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| Upward classification by empirical grouping | |
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| Transition period (1758-1859) | |
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| Hierarchical classifications | |
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| Grouping according to common ancestry | |
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| The decline of macrotaxonomic research | |
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| Numerical phenetics | |
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| Cladistics | |
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| The traditional or evolutionary methodology | |
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| New taxonomic characters | |
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| Facilitation of information retrieval | |
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| The study of diversity | |
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| Microtaxonomy, the science of species | |
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| Early species concepts | |
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| The essentialist species concept | |
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| The nominalistic species concept | |
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| Darwin's species concept | |
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| The rise of the biological species concept | |
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| Applying the biological species concept to multidimensional species taxa | |
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| The significance of species in biology | |
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| Evolution | |
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| Origins without evolution | |
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| The coming of evolutionism | |
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| The French Enlightenment | |
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| Evolution before Darwin | |
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| Lamarck | |
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| Cuvier | |
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| England | |
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| Lyell and uniformitarianism | |
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| Germany | |
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| Charles Darwin | |
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| Darwin and evolution | |
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| Alfred Russel Wallace | |
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| The publication of the Origin | |
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| Darwin's evidence for evolution and common descent | |
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| Common descent and the natural system | |
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| Common descent and geographical distribution | |
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| Morphology as evidence for evolution and common descent | |
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| Embryology as evidence for evolution and common descent | |
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| The causation of evolution: natural selection | |
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| The major components of the theory of natural selection | |
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| The origin of the concept of natural selection | |
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| The impact of the Darwinian revolution | |
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| The resistance to natural selection | |
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| Alternate evolutionary theories | |
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| Diversity and synthesis of evolutionary thought | |
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| The growing split among the evolutionists | |
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| Advances in evolutionary genetics | |
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| Advances in evolutionary systematics | |
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| The evolutionary synthesis | |
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| Post-synthesis developments | |
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| Molecular biology | |
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| Natural selection | |
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| Unresolved issues in natural selection | |
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| Modes of speciation | |
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| Macroevolution | |
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| The evolution of man | |
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| Evolution in modern thought | |
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| Variation and Its Inheritance | |
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| Early theories and breeding experiments | |
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| Theories of inheritance among the ancients | |
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| Mendel's forerunners | |
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| Germ cells, vehicles of heredity | |
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| The Schwann-Schleiden cell theory | |
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| The meaning of sex and fertilization | |
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| Chromosomes and their role | |
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| The nature of inheritance | |
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| Darwin and variation | |
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| August Weismann | |
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| Hugo de Vries | |
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| Gregor Mendel | |
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| The flowering of Mendelian genetics | |
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| The rediscoverers of Mendel | |
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| The classical period of Mendelian genetics | |
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| The origin of new variation (mutation) | |
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| The emergence of modern genetics | |
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| The Sutton-Boveri chromosome theory | |
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| Sex determination | |
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| Morgan and the fly room | |
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| Meiosis | |
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| Morgan and the chromosome theory | |
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| Theories of the gene | |
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| Competing theories of inheritance | |
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| The Mendelian explanation of continuous variation | |
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| The chemical basis of inheritance | |
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| The discovery of the double helix | |
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| Genetics in modern thought | |
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| Epilogue: Toward a science of science | |
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| Scientists and the scientific milieu | |
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| The maturation of theories and concepts | |
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| Impediments to the maturation of theories and concepts | |
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| The sciences and the external milieu | |
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| Progress in science | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |