| |
| |
| Preface to the Enlarged Edition | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Original Edition | |
| |
| |
| Introduction: Approaches to Understanding China's History | |
| |
| |
| The Variety of Historical Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Geography: The Contrast of North and South | |
| |
| |
| Humankind in Nature | |
| |
| |
| The Village: Family and Lineage | |
| |
| |
| Inner Asia and China: The Steppe and the Sown | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rise and Decline of the Imperial Autocracy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Origins: The Discoveries of Archaeology | |
| |
| |
| Paleolithic China | |
| |
| |
| Neolithic China | |
| |
| |
| Excavation of Shang and Xia | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Central Authority | |
| |
| |
| Western Zhou | |
| |
| |
| Implications of the New Archaeological Record | |
| |
| |
| |
| The First Unification: Imperial Confucianism | |
| |
| |
| The Utility of Dynasties | |
| |
| |
| Princes and Philosophers | |
| |
| |
| The Confucian Code | |
| |
| |
| Daoism | |
| |
| |
| Unification by Qin | |
| |
| |
| Consolidation and Expansion under the Han | |
| |
| |
| Imperial Confucianism | |
| |
| |
| Correlative Cosmology | |
| |
| |
| Emperor and Scholars | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reunification in the Buddhist Age | |
| |
| |
| Disunion | |
| |
| |
| The Buddhist Teaching | |
| |
| |
| Sui-Tang Reunification | |
| |
| |
| Buddhism and the State | |
| |
| |
| Decline of the Tang Dynasty | |
| |
| |
| Social Change: The Tang-Song Transition | |
| |
| |
| |
| China's Greatest Age: Northern and Southern Song | |
| |
| |
| Efflorescence of Material Growth | |
| |
| |
| Education and the Examination System | |
| |
| |
| The Creation of Neo-Confucianism | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Gentry Society | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Paradox of Song China and Inner Asia | |
| |
| |
| The Symbiosis of Wen and Wu | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Non-Chinese Rule over China | |
| |
| |
| China in the Mongol Empire | |
| |
| |
| Interpreting the Song Era | |
| |
| |
| |
| Government in the Ming Dynasty | |
| |
| |
| Legacies of the Hongwu Emperor | |
| |
| |
| Fiscal Problems | |
| |
| |
| China Turns Inward | |
| |
| |
| Factional Politics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Qing Success Story | |
| |
| |
| The Manchu Conquest | |
| |
| |
| Institutional Adaptation | |
| |
| |
| The Jesuit Interlude | |
| |
| |
| Growth of Qing Control in Inner Asia | |
| |
| |
| The Attempted Integration of Polity and Culture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Late Imperial China, 1600-1911 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Paradox of Growth without Development | |
| |
| |
| The Rise in Population | |
| |
| |
| Diminishing Returns of Farm Labor | |
| |
| |
| The Subjection of Women | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Trade and Commercial Organization | |
| |
| |
| Merchant-Official Symbiosis | |
| |
| |
| Limitations of the Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frontier Unrest and the Opening of China | |
| |
| |
| The Weakness of State Leadership | |
| |
| |
| The White Lotus Rebellion, 1796-1804 | |
| |
| |
| Maritime China: Origins of the Overseas Chinese | |
| |
| |
| European Trading Companies and the Canton Trade | |
| |
| |
| Rebellion on the Turkestan Frontier, 1826-1835 | |
| |
| |
| Opium and the Struggle for a New Order at Guangzhou, 1834-1842 | |
| |
| |
| Inauguration of the Treaty Century after 1842 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rebellion and Restoration | |
| |
| |
| The Great Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 | |
| |
| |
| Civil War | |
| |
| |
| The Qing Restoration of the 1860s | |
| |
| |
| Suppression of Other Rebellions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Modernization and the Decline of Qing Power | |
| |
| |
| Self-Strengthening and Its Failure | |
| |
| |
| The Christian-Confucian Struggle | |
| |
| |
| The Reform Movement | |
| |
| |
| The Boxer Rising, 1898-1901 | |
| |
| |
| Demoralization | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Republican Revolution, 1901-1916 | |
| |
| |
| A New Domestic Balance of Power | |
| |
| |
| Suppressing Rebellion by Militarization | |
| |
| |
| Elite Activism in the Public Sphere | |
| |
| |
| The Japanese Influence | |
| |
| |
| The Qing Reform Effort | |
| |
| |
| Constitutionalism and Self-Government | |
| |
| |
| Insoluble Systemic Problems | |
| |
| |
| The Revolution of 1911 and Yuan Shikai's Dictatorship | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Republic of China, 1912-1949 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Quest for a Chinese Civil Society | |
| |
| |
| The Limits of Chinese Liberalism | |
| |
| |
| The Limits of Christian Reformism | |
| |
| |
| The Tardy Rise of a Political Press | |
| |
| |
| Academic Development | |
| |
| |
| The New Culture Movement | |
| |
| |
| The May Fourth Movement | |
| |
| |
| Rise of the Chinese Bourgeoisie | |
| |
| |
| Origins of the Chinese Communist Party | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nationalist Revolution and the Nanjing Government | |
| |
| |
| Sun Yatsen and the United Front | |
| |
| |
| The Accession to Power of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek) | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of the Nanjing Government | |
| |
| |
| Systemic Weaknesses | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Second Coming of the Chinese Communist Party | |
| |
| |
| Problems of Life on the Land | |
| |
| |
| Rural Reconstruction | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Mao Zedong | |
| |
| |
| The Long March, 1934-1935 | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Zhou Enlai | |
| |
| |
| The Second United Front | |
| |
| |
| |
| China's War of Resistance, 1937-1945 | |
| |
| |
| Nationalist Difficulties | |
| |
| |
| Mao's Sinification of Marxism | |
| |
| |
| Mao Zedong Thought | |
| |
| |
| The Rectification Campaign of 1942-1944 | |
| |
| |
| American Support of Coalition Government | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Civil War and the Nationalists on Taiwan | |
| |
| |
| Why the Nationalists Failed | |
| |
| |
| Nationalist Attack and Communist Counterattack | |
| |
| |
| Taiwan as a Japanese Colony | |
| |
| |
| Taiwan as the Republic of China | |
| |
| |
| |
| The People's Republic of China | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing Control of State and Countryside | |
| |
| |
| Creating the New State, 1949-1953 | |
| |
| |
| Collectivizing Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| Collective Agriculture in Practice | |
| |
| |
| Beginning Industrialization | |
| |
| |
| Education and the Intellectuals | |
| |
| |
| The Anti-Rightist Campaign, 1957-1958 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Great Leap Forward, 1958-1960 | |
| |
| |
| Background Factors | |
| |
| |
| The Disaster of 1959-1960 | |
| |
| |
| Revival: Seizing Control of Industrial Labor | |
| |
| |
| Party Rectification and Education | |
| |
| |
| The Sino-Soviet Split | |
| |
| |
| The Great Leap Forward as a Social Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 | |
| |
| |
| Underpinnings | |
| |
| |
| Mao's Aims and Resources | |
| |
| |
| Role of the People's Liberation Army | |
| |
| |
| How the Cultural Revolution Unfolded | |
| |
| |
| The Red Guards | |
| |
| |
| The Seizure of Power | |
| |
| |
| Foreign Affairs | |
| |
| |
| Decentralization and the Third Front | |
| |
| |
| The Succession Struggle | |
| |
| |
| The Cultural Revolution in Retrospect | |
| |
| |
| Aftermath | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Post-Mao Reform Era | |
| |
| |
| |
| Epilogue: China at the Close of the Century | |
| |
| |
| |
| Note on Romanization and Citation | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
| Publisher's Note | |
| |
| |
| Illustration Credits | |
| |
| |
| Author Index | |
| |
| |
| General Index | |