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| Chapter Abstracts | |
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| Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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| Notes on Contributors | |
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| Finding Sites | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Archaeological Prospection | |
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| Remote Sensing | |
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| Aerial photography | |
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| Remote imaging | |
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| High-altitude photography | |
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| Multispectral imaging | |
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| Thermal imaging | |
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| Airborne radar and LIDAR | |
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| Field Methods | |
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| Reconnaissance survey | |
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| Earthwork survey | |
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| Intrusive and semi-intrusive methods | |
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| Metal detection | |
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| Geochemical survey | |
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| Ground-Based Remote Sensing: Geophysical Methods | |
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| Electrical methods | |
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| Magnetic techniques | |
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| Topsoil magnetic susceptibility survey | |
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| Electromagnetic (EM) detection: ground-penetrating radar | |
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| Other geophysical methods | |
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| Underwater geophysical techniques | |
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| The Future Role and Development of Archaeological Prospecting | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Consulting Stakeholders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What and Who is an Archaeological Stakeholder? | |
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| A Brief History of Interaction between Archaeologists and Other Stakeholders | |
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| Learning to work with stakeholders: a personal journey | |
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| Learning to work with stakeholders: a discipline's journey | |
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| Differing Ways of Knowing the Past | |
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| True or valid? | |
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| How can there be different versions of the same past? | |
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| General Thoughts about How to Consult with Stakeholders | |
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| Specific Issues and Concerns | |
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| Differential power levels | |
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| Competing claims | |
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| Informed consent | |
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| When pasts conflict | |
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| Good Examples of Consultation with Stakeholders | |
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| Why Consult with Stakeholders? The Past as Cultural and Intellectual Property | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Rock-Art | |
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| What is Rock-Art? | |
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| How is Rock-Art Made? | |
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| Classification | |
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| Technique | |
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| Form | |
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| Motif | |
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| Size | |
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| Character | |
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| How is Rock-Art Recorded? | |
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| Photography | |
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| Drawing and sketching | |
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| Tracing | |
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| Counting | |
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| How is Rock-Art Analyzed? | |
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| Informed methods | |
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| Formal (or structural) methods | |
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| Spatial distribution analysis | |
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| Information exchange and stylistic heterogeneity | |
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| Gendered behavior and art | |
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| Statistical techniques | |
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| Diachronic change | |
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| Dating art | |
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| Direct (or absolute) dating | |
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| Case Study: The Depiction of Species in Macropod Track Engravings | |
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| The zoological experiment | |
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| The results | |
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| The archaeological experiment | |
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| Interpretation of the Sturt's Meadows art | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Resources | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Stratigraphy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is Stratigraphy? | |
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| Why do Archaeologists Study Stratification? | |
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| How do Different Layers Occur in Archaeological Sites? | |
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| Principles (or laws) of stratigraphy | |
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| Sources of disturbance | |
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| Excavation and Stratigraphy | |
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| Recording Stratification | |
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| The Harris Matrix: interpreting the spatial record | |
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| Creating Analytical Units | |
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| Case Study: Sos Hoyuk | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Resources | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Absolute Dating | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chronometry | |
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| Sidereal methods | |
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| Isotopic methods | |
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| Radiogenic methods | |
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| Chemical and biological methods | |
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| Geomorphic methods | |
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| Limits on Chronometric Techniques | |
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| Maximum limits | |
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| Minimum limits | |
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| Limits on radiogenic techniques | |
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| Precision | |
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| From Age Estimates to Chronology | |
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| Temporal Resolution and Behavioral Variation | |
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| Fidelity and resolution | |
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| Time averaging | |
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| Multiple Scales of Time | |
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| Assessing Different Scales of Time at Bone Cave | |
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| Time Perspectivism in Practice, Stud Creek, Western New South Wales | |
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| Geomorphological history | |
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| Heat-retainer hearths | |
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| Stud Creek chronology | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Introduction to Stone Artifact Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An overview | |
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| Analyzing Stone Artifacts | |
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| Research design | |
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| Classifying an assemblage of stone artifacts | |
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| Choosing attributes to record and measure | |
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| Managing data | |
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| Measuring extent of reduction | |
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| Dealing with difficult assemblages | |
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| When do you need specialist archaeometric analyses? | |
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| Determining the type and flaking properties of stone | |
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| Sourcing stone artifacts | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Residues and Usewear | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Functional Analysis | |
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| Methodology, Experiments, and Procedures | |
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| Microscopes | |
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| Artifact Cleaning | |
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| Plant Residues Found on Artifacts | |
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| Starch | |
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| Raphides | |
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| Phytoliths | |
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| Resin, gums, waxes, and other exudates | |
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| Animal Residues Found on Artifacts | |
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| Hair and feathers | |
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| Blood | |
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| Bone | |
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| Shell | |
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| Usewear | |
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| Scarring or edge fracturing | |
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| Striations | |
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| Polish | |
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| Edge rounding | |
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| Beveling | |
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| Post-depositional damage | |
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| Hafting traces | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Resources | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is a "Ceramic"? | |
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| How is Pottery Made? | |
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| Clay preparation | |
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| Object formation | |
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| Pre-fire decoration | |
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| Firing | |
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| Post-fire treatment | |
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| Handling of Ceramics During and After Excavation | |
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| Careful excavating | |
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| Cleaning ceramics | |
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| Marking ceramics | |
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| Repairing ceramics | |
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| Initiating an Analytical Program for Ceramics | |
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| Prefatory issues before undertaking an analytical program | |
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| Quantitative analysis of ceramics | |
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| Sampling for laboratory analysis | |
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| How to begin analysis and select an appropriate analytical method | |
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| Areas of Ceramics Research and their Analytical Approaches | |
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| Technology studies | |
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| Usewear studies of ceramics | |
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| Dating of ceramics | |
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| Identifying the potters | |
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| Sourcing of ceramics | |
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| Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Animal Bones | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Project Planning, Sampling, and Recovery | |
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| Look Before You Dig - On-Site Observation | |
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| Bagging and Tagging | |
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| The Laboratory | |
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| Making the Record | |
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| Using the Record - Quantification | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Plant Remains | |
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| Introduction: A Scene | |
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| Macroscopic Plant Remains | |
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| What can Plant Remains Contribute to Archaeology? | |
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| The relationship between people and plants | |
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| Plants and technology | |
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| Plants and regional subsistence | |
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| Archaeological theories and plants | |
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| What are the Problems (and Solutions) for Identifying and Determining the Origin of Macroscopic Plant Remains? | |
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| Technical problems in analyzing macro-plants, and their solutions | |
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| Archaeological sources | |
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| Ethnobotany and ethnoarchaeology | |
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| What Kinds of Methods can be Effectively Used to Retrieve and Analyze Plant Remains? | |
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| Basic plant classification | |
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| Archaeological retrieval and identification of seeds and fruits | |
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| Wood and charcoal | |
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| More problems in the analysis of plant remains | |
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| Case Study: Plant Remains from Kawambarai Cave, near Coonabarabran, Eastern Australia (by Wendy Beck and Dee Murphy) | |
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| The excavations | |
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| Recovery techniques | |
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| Quantification methods | |
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| Case study results | |
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| Case study conclusions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Mollusks and Other Shells | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| The Creation of Middens | |
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| The Identification of Middens | |
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| Field Procedures | |
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| Dating Middens | |
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| Laboratory Procedures | |
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| Mechanical Sorting | |
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| Hand Sorting into Components | |
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| Shellfish Analysis | |
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| Identification of Shellfish and Other Species | |
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| Further Analysis | |
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| Shell Artifacts | |
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| Fish Remains | |
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| Interpretation | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Sediments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Granulometry | |
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| pH | |
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| Organic Matter | |
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| Phosphorus | |
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| Prehistoric Canals in the American Southwest | |
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| Kennewick Man, Washington State, USA | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Artifacts of the Modern World | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cataloging Artifacts | |
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| Domestic Ceramics | |
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| Clay Tobacco Pipes | |
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| Bottle Glass | |
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| Glass Tools | |
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| Beads and Buttons | |
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| Metal Containers | |
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| Firearms | |
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| Building Materials | |
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| Cemeteries and Gravestones | |
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| Artifact Analysis | |
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| Case Study: Kelly and Lucas's Whaling Station, Adventure Bay, Tasmania, Australia | |
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| Resources | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Historical Sources | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Archaeology and Historical Sources | |
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| Preparing for research | |
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| Identifying sources | |
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| Verify, evaluate, and discriminate | |
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| Case Study: The Use of Documents at Annapolis | |
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| Long-term history | |
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| Social time | |
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| Individual time | |
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| What are the Relationships between Documents and Archaeological Evidence? | |
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| Identification | |
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| Complement | |
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| Hypothesis formation and testing | |
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| Contradiction | |
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| Confronting myths | |
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| Creating context | |
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| Making an archaeological contribution to history | |
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| Resources | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Producing the Record | |
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| Introduction | |
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| First Decisions | |
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| What do I want to write about? | |
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| Who is my audience? | |
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| Structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Methods | |
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| Results | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The abstract | |
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| References | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Writing | |
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| Language | |
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| Writing for Publication | |
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| Target carefully | |
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| Start afresh | |
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| Follow instructions | |
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| Think about illustrations and tables | |
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| Reference efficiently | |
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| Read the proofs carefully | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Getting things right | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |