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Series Editor's Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction: The Field of Contact Linguistics | |
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The Subject Matter of Contact Linguistics | |
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History of Research on Language Contact | |
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The Field of Contact Linguistics | |
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Types of Contact Situation | |
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Language maintenance | |
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Language shift | |
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Language creation: new contact languages | |
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Overview of Contact Situations and their Outcomes | |
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The Social Contexts of Language Contact | |
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Language contact in its social settings | |
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Language Maintenance and Lexical Borrowing | |
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Introduction | |
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"Casual" Contact and Lexical Borrowing | |
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English influence on the Japanese lexicon | |
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Contact in Settings Involving "Unequal" Bilingualism | |
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French influence on the lexicon of Middle English | |
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Chinese influence on the Japanese lexicon | |
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Lexical Borrowing in Equal Bilingual Situations | |
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Social Motivations for Lexical Borrowing | |
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The Processes and Products of Lexical Borrowing | |
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The Integration of Loanwords | |
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Phonological integration of loanwords | |
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Morphological integration of loanwords | |
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Linguistic Constraints on Lexical Borrowing | |
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Structural Consequences of Lexical Borrowing | |
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Impact of lexical borrowing on phonology | |
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Impact of lexical borrowing on morphology | |
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Impact of lexical borrowing on the lexicon | |
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Summary | |
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Structural Diffusion in Situations of Language Maintenance | |
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Introduction | |
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Is there Direct Borrowing of Structural Features? | |
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Factors Affecting Structural Convergence | |
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Structural Convergence in Stable Bilingual Situations | |
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Spanish in LA | |
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A situation of unstable bilingualism: French/English contact on Prince Edward Island | |
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Sprachbunde: Contact Across Contiguous Speech Communities | |
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The Balkan Sprachbund | |
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A Case of Intimate Inter-Community Contact: Arnhem Land | |
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Ritharngu and Ngandi | |
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Nunggubuyu and Warndarang | |
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Factors regulating convergence in Arnhem Land | |
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Heavy to Extreme Structural Diffusion: Borrowing or Substratum Influence? | |
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Old Norse influence on Old English | |
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Situations in level 5 of Thomason and Kaufman's borrowing scale | |
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Convergence in Kupwar | |
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Convergence in Northwest New Britain | |
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The Social Contexts of Structural Convergence | |
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Linguistic Constraints on Structural Diffusion into a Maintained Language | |
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Constraints on borrowing of morphology | |
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Constraints based on congruence | |
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Constraints based on transparency/markedness | |
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Functionally based constraints | |
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Constraints on Syntactic Diffusion | |
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Summary | |
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Code Switching: Social Contexts | |
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Introduction | |
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Defining Code Switching | |
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Code switching versus borrowing | |
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Code switching versus "interference" | |
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Social Motivations for Code Switching | |
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Code switching and sociolinguistic domains | |
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Micro-level analysis: code switching and conversation | |
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Toward a theory of the social meaning of conversational code switching | |
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Code switching and Communication Accommodation Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Code Switching: Linguistic Aspects | |
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Introduction | |
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Structural Constraints on Code Switching | |
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Equivalence-based constraints | |
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Government-based approaches to code switching | |
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A Production-Based Model of Code Switching | |
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Hypotheses of the MLF model | |
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Establishing the matrix language | |
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Constraints on Code Switching Within the MLF model | |
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Constraints on switching of system morphemes | |
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Constraints on switching of content morphemes | |
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Constraints on Multi-Word Switches (EL Islands) | |
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The EL Island Trigger Hypothesis | |
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EL islands and the notion of congruence | |
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Further Issues | |
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Summary | |
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Bilingual Mixed Languages | |
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Introduction | |
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Definition and Classification | |
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Media Lengua | |
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Structural characteristics | |
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Adaptation of Spanish items to Quechua structure | |
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Processes of change: the Relexification Hypothesis | |
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Michif | |
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Sociohistorical background | |
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Sources of Michif structure | |
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Phonology | |
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NP structure | |
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VP structure | |
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Syntax of Michif | |
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Convergence and innovation in Michif | |
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Mechanisms and processes in the genesis of Michif | |
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Creations Associated with Language Shift | |
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The Case of Ma'a | |
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Historical background | |
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Structural features | |
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The genesis of Ma'a | |
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The Strange Case of Copper Island Aleut | |
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Sociohistorical background | |
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Structural characteristics of Copper Island Aleut | |
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Processes and constraints in Copper Island Aleut origins | |
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Summary | |
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Sociohistorical background and social motivations | |
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Processes and origins | |
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Second Language Acquisition and Language Shift | |
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An Overview of Individual Second Language Acquisition | |
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Introduction | |
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L1 Influence in SLA | |
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L1 influence on the TL lexicon | |
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L1 influence on L2 phonology | |
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L1 influence on L2 morphology | |
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L1 influence on TL syntax | |
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Simplification in SLA | |
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Internal Developments in L2 Systems | |
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Developmental Stages in SLA | |
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General characteristics of early interlanguage | |
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Strategies and Processes in SLA | |
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Principles and Constraints on SLA | |
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The early stages of SLA: processing and learning principles | |
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Constraints in the elaboration of L2 grammar | |
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Typological universals and SLA | |
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Markedness constraints and L1 influence in SLA | |
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Constraints on transfer | |
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Cognitive principles and IL development | |
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Group Second Language Acquisition or Language Shift | |
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Introduction | |
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Irish English | |
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Substratum influence on Irish English | |
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"Indigenized" Englishes and Similar Contact Varieties | |
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Issues in the Study of Language Shift | |
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Processes of formation | |
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Degrees of "fossilization" or approximation in group SLA | |
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Colloquial Singapore English: a case of early IL "fossilization"? | |
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Linguistic Constraints in Language Shift | |
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Constraints on L1 influence | |
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The concept of "transfer" in group SLA | |
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Transfer as psycholinguistic process | |
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Non-Structural Factors in Language Shift | |
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Questions of Classification | |
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First Language Attrition and Death | |
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Introduction | |
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External (Social) Factors in Language Death | |
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Macro-level social factors | |
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Stages of language attrition and death | |
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Sociolinguistic factors within the shifting community | |
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The Linguistic Consequences of L1 Attrition | |
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Language decay | |
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Language Attrition in Relation to Other Contact Phenomena | |
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Summary | |
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Pidgins and Pidginization | |
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Introduction: Definitions | |
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Social Contexts of Pidgin Formation | |
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Russenorsk: A Brief Sketch | |
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Structural Characteristics of Pidgins | |
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Pidgin morphology and syntax | |
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Pidgin lexicon | |
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Pidgin phonology | |
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Pidgin Formation in Relation to Early SLA | |
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Processes of pidgin formation | |
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Principles and constraints in pidgin formation | |
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Elaborated or Extended Pidgins | |
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The origins and development of extended pidgins | |
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Social contexts of early Pacific Pidgin English | |
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The emergence of early Melanesian Pidgin | |
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Further elaboration of MP grammar | |
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Simplified Languages | |
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Issues of Classification Revisited | |
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Summary | |
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Creole Formation | |
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Introduction | |
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Defining Creoles | |
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The Sociohistorical Background to Creole Formation | |
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Portuguese colonization | |
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The social contexts of creole formation | |
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Community settings and codes of interaction | |
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The Emergence of "Intermediate" Creoles: Bajan | |
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The social context | |
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Linguistic inputs and outcomes in Barbados | |
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The Emergence of Radical Creoles: Suriname | |
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The sociohistorical background | |
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Some Aspects of Creole Grammar | |
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Creole phonology | |
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Creole lexicon | |
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Creole morphology and morphosyntax | |
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Creole TMA systems | |
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Creole syntax | |
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Theories of Creole Formation | |
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Reconstructing creole formation: a caveat | |
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Radical Creole Formation as SLA | |
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The target of acquisition | |
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Restructuring in creole grammar | |
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Mechanisms, Constraints, and Principles in Creole Formation | |
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Constraints on the linguistic inputs | |
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Substrate influence: mechanisms and constraints | |
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Leveling in creole formation | |
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Universal Principles and Creole Formation | |
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Universals and L1 influence | |
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Universals and internal developments | |
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Grammaticalization in creoles | |
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Externally Motivated Change in Later Creole Development | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Index | |