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Chemistry and Measurement An Introduction to Chemistry | |
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Modern Chemistry: A Brief Glimpse | |
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Experiment and Explanation A Chemist Looks At: The Birth of the Post-it Note | |
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Law of Conservation of Mass | |
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Matter: Physical State and Chemical Constitution | |
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Instrumental Methods: Separation of Mixtures by Chromatography Physical Measurements | |
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Measurement and Significant Figures | |
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SI Units | |
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Derived Units | |
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Units and Dimensional Analysis (Factor-Label Method) | |
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Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure | |
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Atomic Theory of Matter | |
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The Structure of the Atom | |
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Nuclear Structure | |
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Isotopes | |
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Atomic Weights | |
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Periodic Table of the Elements Chemical Substances: Formulas and Names | |
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Chemical Formulas | |
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Molecular and Ionic Substances A Chemist Looks At: Thirty Seconds on the Island of Stability | |
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Organic Compounds | |
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Naming Simple Compounds Chemical Reactions: Equations | |
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Writing Chemical Equations | |
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Balancing Chemical Equations | |
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Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Mass and Moles of Substance | |
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Molecular Weight and Formula Weight | |
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The Mole Concept Determining Chemical Formulas | |
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Mass Percentages from the Formula | |
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Elemental Analysis: Percentages of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen | |
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Determining Formulas Instrumental Methods: Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Formula Stoichiometry | |
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Quantitative Relations in Chemical Reactions | |
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Molar Interpretation of a Chemical Equation | |
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Amounts of Substances in a Chemical Reaction | |
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Limiting Reactant | |
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Theoretical and Percentage Yields | |
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Chemical Reactions Ions in Aqueous Solution | |
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Ionic Theory of Solutions and Solubility Rules | |
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Molecular and Ionic Equations Types of Chemical Reactions | |
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Precipitation Reactions | |
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Acid-Base Reactions | |
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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Balancing Simple Oxidation-Reduction Equations Working with Solutions | |
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Molar Concentration | |
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Diluting Solutions Quantitative Analysis | |
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Gravimetric Analysis | |
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Volumetric Analysis | |
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The Gaseous State Gas Laws | |
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Gas Pressure and Its Measurement | |
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Empirical Gas Laws | |
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The Ideal Gas Law A Chemist Looks At: Nitric Oxide Gas and Biological Signaling | |
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Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes | |
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Gas Mixtures | |
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Law of Partial Pressures Kinetic-Molecular Theory | |
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Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas | |
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Molecular Speeds | |
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Diffusion and Effusion | |
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Real Gases A Chemist Looks At: Carbon Dioxide Gas and the Greenhouse Effect | |
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Thermochemistry Understanding Heats of Reaction | |
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Energy and Its Units | |
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Heat of Reaction | |
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Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change | |
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Thermochemical Equations A Chemist Looks At: Lucifers and Other Matches | |
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Applying Stoichiometry to Heats of Reaction | |
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Measuring Heats of Reaction Using Heats of Reaction | |
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Hess's Law | |
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Standard Enthalpies of Formation | |
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Fuels--Foods, Commercial Fuels, and Rocket Fuels | |
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Quantum Theory of the Atom Light Waves, Photons, and the Bohr Theory | |
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The Wave Nature of Light | |
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Quantum Effects and Photons A Chemist Looks At: Zapping Hamburger with Gamma Rays | |
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The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom A Chemist Looks At: Lasers and Compact Disc Players Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Numbers | |
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Quantum Mechanics Instrumental Methods: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy | |
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Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals | |
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Electron Configurations and Periodicity Electronic Structure of Atoms | |
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Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle Instrumental Methods: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | |
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Building-Up Principle and the Periodic Table Instrumental Methods: X Rays, Atomic Numbers, and Orbital Structure (Photoelectron Spectroscopy) | |
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Writing Electron Configurations Using the Periodic Table | |
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Orbital Diagrams of Atoms | |
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Hund's Rule A Chemist Looks At: Levitating Frogs and People Periodicity of the Elements | |
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Mendeleev's Predictions from the Periodic Table | |
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Some Periodic Properties | |
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Periodicity in the Main-Group Elements | |
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Ionic and Covalent Bonding Ionic Bonds | |
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Describing Ionic Bonds | |
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Electron Configurations of Ions A Chemist Looks At: Ionic Liquids and Green Chemistry | |
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Ionic Radii Covalent Bonds | |
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Describing Covalent Bonds A Chemist Looks At: Chemical Bonds in Nitroglycerin | |
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Polar Covalent Bonds | |
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Electronegativity | |
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Writing Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas | |
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Delocalized Bonding: Resonance | |
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule | |
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Formal Charge and Lewis Formulas | |
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Bond Length and Bond Order | |
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Bond Energy Instrumental Methods: Infrared Spectroscopy and Vibrations of Chemical Bonds | |
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Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory Molecular Geometry and Directional Bonding | |
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The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model A Chemist Looks At: Left-Handed and Right-Handed Molecules | |
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Dipole Moment and Molecular Geometry | |
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Valence Bond Theory | |
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Description of Multiple Bonding Molecular Orbital Theory | |
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Principles of Molecular Orbital Theory | |
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Electron Configurations of Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements | |
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Molecular Orbitals and Delocalized Bonding | |
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A Chemist Looks At: Human Vision A Chemist | |
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Looks At: Stratospheric Ozone (An Absorber of Ultraviolet Rays) | |
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States of Matter | |
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Liquids and Solids | |
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Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids Changes of State | |
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Phase Transitions | |
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Phase Diagrams A Chemist Looks At: Removing Caffeine from Coffee Liquid State | |
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Properties of Liquids: Surface Tension and Viscosity | |
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Intermolecular Forces | |
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Explaining Liquid Properties Solid State | |
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Classification of Solids by Type of Attraction of Units | |
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Crystalline Solids | |
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Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells | |
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Structures of Some Crystalline Solids A Chemist Looks At: Liquid-Crystal Displays | |
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Calculations Involving Unit-Cell Dimensions | |
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Determining Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction Instrumental Methods: Automated X-Ray Diffractometry | |
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A Chemist Looks At: Water (A Special Substance for Planet Earth) | |
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Solutions Solution Formation | |
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Types of Solutions | |
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Solubility and the Solution Process | |
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A Chemist Looks At: Hemoglobin Solubility and Sickle-Cell Anemia | |
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Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility Colligative Properties | |
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Ways of Expressing Concentration | |
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Vapor Pressure of a Solution | |
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Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression | |
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Osmosis | |
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Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions Colloid Formation | |
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Colloids A Chemist Looks At: The World's Smallest Test Tubes | |
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Materials of Technology Metals and Metallurgy | |
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Natural Sources of the Metallic Elements | |
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Metallurgy | |
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Bonding in Metals A Chemist Looks At: Superconductivity Nonmetallic Materials | |
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Diamond, Graphite, the Fullerenes, and Nanotechnology | |
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A Chemist Looks At: Buckminsterfullerene--A Third Form of Carbon | |
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Semiconductors | |
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Silicon, Silica, and Silicates A Chemist Looks At: Silica Aerogels, the Lightest "Solids" | |
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Ceramics | |
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Composites | |
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Rates of Reaction Reaction Rates | |
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Definition of Reaction Rate | |
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Experimental Determination of Rate | |
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Dependence of Rate on Concentration | |
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Change of Concentration with Time | |
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Temperature and Rate | |
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Collision and Transition-State Theories | |
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Arrhenius Equation Reaction Mechanisms | |
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Elementary Reactions | |
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The Rate Law and the Mechanism | |
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Catalysis A Chemist Looks At: Seeing Molecules React | |
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Chemical Equilibrium Describing Chemical Equilibrium | |
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Chemical Equilibrium--A Dynamic Equilibrium | |
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The Equilibrium Constant | |
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Heterogeneous Equilibria | |
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Solvents in Homogeneous Equilibria | |
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A Chemist Looks At: Slime Molds and Leopards' Spots Using the Equilibrium Constant | |
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Qualitatively Interpreting the Equilibrium Constant | |
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Predicting the Direction of Reaction | |
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Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations Changing the Reaction Conditions | |
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Le Chatelier's Principle | |
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Removing Products or Adding Reactants | |
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Changing the Pressure and Temperature | |
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Effect of a Catalyst | |
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Acids and Bases Acid-Base Concepts | |
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Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases | |
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Bronsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases | |
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Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases Acid and Base Strengths | |
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A Chemist Looks At: Taking Your Medicine | |
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Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases | |
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Molecular Structure and Acid Strength Self-Ionization of Water and pH | |
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Self-Ionization of Water | |
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Solutions of a Strong Acid or Base | |
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The pH of a Solution A Chemist Looks At: Unclogging the Sink and Other Chores | |
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Acid-Base Equilibria Solutions of a Weak Acid or Base | |
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Acid-Ionization Equilibria | |
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Polyprotic Acids A Chemist Looks At: Acid Rain | |
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Base-Ionization Equilibria | |
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Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions Solutions of a Weak Acid or Base with Another Solute | |
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Common-Ion Effect | |
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Buffers | |
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Acid-Base Titration Curves | |
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Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria Solubility Equilibria | |
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The Solubility Product Constant | |
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Solubility and the Common-Ion Effect | |
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Precipitation Calculations | |
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Effect of pH on Solubility | |
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A Chemist Looks At: Limestone Caves Complex-Ion Equilibria | |
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Complex-Ion Formation | |
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Complex Ions and Solubility An Application of Solubility Equilibria | |
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Qualitative Analysis of Metal Ions | |
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Thermodynamics and Equilibrium | |
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First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Enthalpy Spontaneous Processes and Entropy | |
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Standard Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics Free-Energy Concept | |
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Free Energy and Spontaneity A Chemist Looks At: Coupling of Reactions | |
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Interpretation of Free Energy Free Energy and Equilibrium Constants | |
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Relating G to the Equilibrium Constant | |
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Change of Free Energy with Temperature | |
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Electrochemistry Half-Reactions | |
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Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Acidic and Basic Solutions Voltaic Cells | |
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Construction of Voltaic Cells | |
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Notation for Voltaic Cells | |
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Electromotive Force | |
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Standard Cell emfs and Standard Electrode Potentials | |
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Equilibrium Constants from emfs | |
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Dependence of emf on Concentration | |
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Some Commercial Voltaic Cells Electrolytic Cells | |
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Electrolysis of Molten Salts | |
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Aqueous Electrolysis | |
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Stoichiometry of Electrolysis | |
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Nuclear Chemistry Radioactivity and Nuclear Bombardment Reactions | |
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Radioactivity | |
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Nuclear Bombardment Reactions | |
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Radiations and Matter: Detection and Biological Effects | |
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Rate of Radioactive Decay | |
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Applications of Radioactive Isotopes Energy of Nuclear Reactions A Chemist Looks At: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | |
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Mass-Energy Calculations | |
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Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion A Chemist Looks At: The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident | |
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Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements | |
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General Observations About the Main-Group Elements Chemistry of the Main-Group Metals | |
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Group IA: The Alkali Metals | |
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Group IIA: The Alkaline Earth Metals | |
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Group IIIA and Group IVA Metals Chemistry of the Nonmetals | |
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Hydrogen | |
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Group IVA: The Carbon Family | |
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Group VA: Nitrogen and the Phosphorus Family | |
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Group VIA: Oxygen and the Sulfur Family | |
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Group VIIA: The Halogens | |
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Group VIIIA: The Noble Gases | |
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The Transition Elements and Coordination Compounds Properties of the Transition Elements | |
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Periodic Trends in the Transition Elements | |
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The Chemistry of Two Transition Elements Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds | |
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Formation and Structure of Complexes | |
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Naming Coordination Compounds A Chemist Looks At: Salad Dressing and Chelate Stability | |
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Structure and Isomerism in Coordination Compounds | |
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Valence Bond Theory of Complexes | |
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Crystal Field Theory A Chemist Looks At: The Cooperative Release of Oxygen from Oxyhemoglobin | |
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Organic Chemistry | |
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The Bonding of Carbon Hydrocarbons | |
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Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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Alkenes and Alkynes | |
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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Naming Hydrocarbons Derivatives of Hydrocarbons | |
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Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen | |
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Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen | |
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Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological Synthetic Polymers | |
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Synthesis of Organic Polymers A Chemist Looks At: The Discovery of Nylon | |
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Electrically Conducting Polymers Biological Polymers | |
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Proteins | |
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Nucleic Acids A Chemist Looks At: Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Atomic Force Microscopy Appendices | |