| |
| |
Contents | |
| |
| |
| |
Near Eastern Civilizations | |
| |
| |
| |
The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Sumerian Heroic Age | |
| |
| |
| |
The Epic of the Flood: The Babylonian Noah | |
| |
| |
| |
The Reforms of Urukagina: "He established freedom" | |
| |
| |
| |
The Shamash Hymn: Moral Religion and Social Justice | |
| |
| |
| |
The Laws of Hammurabi: "To further the welfare of the people" | |
| |
| |
| |
The Instruction of Ptah-hotep: Early Material Values in Egypt | |
| |
| |
| |
Unas Pyramid Incantations: The afterlife of a Pharaoh | |
| |
| |
| |
Hymn to the Aton: Religious Reform and Monotheism | |
| |
| |
| |
An Egyptian-Hittite Treaty: Imperialism and International Diplomacy | |
| |
| |
| |
Sea Peoples' Inscriptions: Egypt and Its Neighbors Under Ramses III | |
| |
| |
| |
Ramses III Issuing Equipment to His Troops for the Campaign Against the Sea Peoples | |
| |
| |
| |
Ramses III on the March to Zahi Against the Sea Peoples | |
| |
| |
| |
Ramses III in Battle with the Land Forces of the Sea Peoples | |
| |
| |
| |
Work Songs from Ancient Egypt: Voices of Ordinary Men and Women | |
| |
| |
| |
Prism of Sennacherib: An Assyrian King's Wars | |
| |
| |
| |
The Old Testament: Hebrew Views on God and on History | |
| |
| |
| |
Earliest Relations Between Humans and God | |
| |
| |
| |
Hebrew Origins: The Patriarchs | |
| |
| |
| |
Bondage and Deliverance | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sinai Covenant | |
| |
| |
| |
The Song of Deborah: "So perish all thine enemies, O Lord!" | |
| |
| |
| |
The People Demand a King: "To govern us like all the nations" | |
| |
| |
| |
The United Kingdom of Israel: "A great name, like the name of the great ones of the earth" | |
| |
| |
| |
Jeremiah: Prophet of the New Covenant | |
| |
| |
| |
A Conquering Messiah: Cyrus the Great and the Persian Empire | |
| |
| |
| |
Cyrus' Cylinder: The Chosen of Marduk | |
| |
| |
| |
Cyrus as the Messiah: Return of the Jews and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem | |
| |
| |
Selected Background Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Greek Civilization: Ancient Greece | |
| |
| |
| |
Homer: The Greek Heroic Age | |
| |
| |
| |
Hesiod: Changing Times Bring on a Moral Order | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Greek Lyric Poetry: Individualism Emergent | |
| |
| |
| |
Sappho | |
| |
| |
| |
Theognis | |
| |
| |
| |
Pindar's Odes to Athletic Victors: The Heroic Ideal | |
| |
| |
| |
Solon: Economic and Political Reforms at Athens | |
| |
| |
| |
Pisistratus: The Rise of Tyranny at Athens | |
| |
| |
| |
Lycurgus: The Spartan Military Machine | |
| |
| |
| |
Herodotus: Greece Saved from Persian Conquest | |
| |
| |
| |
Pericles' Funeral Oration: An Idealized View of Athenian Democracy and Its Empire | |
| |
| |
| |
The Old Oligarch: A Realistic View of Athenian Democracy and Its Empire | |
| |
| |
| |
Thucydides, History: The Statesman's Handbook | |
| |
| |
| |
The Revolt of Mitylene: "Democracy is incapable of empire." | |
| |
| |
| |
The Corcyrean Revolution: The Psychology of Civil War | |
| |
| |
| |
The Melian Dialogue: "The strong do what they can and the weak submit." | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sicilian Expedition: "Most glorious to the victors, most calamitous to the conquered." | |
| |
| |
| |
Xenophon: The Athenians Overthrow Dictatorship 27 Socrates: Philosophy Shifts from Nature to Man | |
| |
| |
| |
The Socratic Method: "The unexamined life is not worth living." | |
| |
| |
| |
Aristophanes, Clouds: Socrates as Troublemaker: "You will now believe in no god but those we believe in..." | |
| |
| |
| |
The Apology of Socrates: "I am that gadfly which God has attached to the state." | |
| |
| |
| |
Lysias, The Murder of Erathosthenes: An Athenian Woman's Life: "...I began to trust her...." | |
| |
| |
| |
Plato: "Turning the eye of the soul toward the light" | |
| |
| |
| |
The Theory of Ideas: The Allegory of the Cave | |
| |
| |
| |
The Spiritual Life: Dualism of Body and Soul | |
| |
| |
| |
Aristotle: "The philosophy of human affairs" | |
| |
| |
| |
The Nicomachaean Ethics: "The good for man" | |
| |
| |
| |
The Politics: "A state exists for the sake of the good life." | |
| |
| |
| |
Demosthenes Versus Isocrates: "Nationalism" Versus "Internationalism" | |
| |
| |
| |
Demosthenes: First Philippic: " Athenians when will you act as becomes you!" | |
| |
| |
| |
Isocrates, Address to Philip: "A champion powerful in action" | |
| |
| |
Selected Background Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Hellenistic Civilization | |
| |
| |
| |
Arrian, History of Alexander the Great: Conqueror and Reformer | |
| |
| |
| |
Demetrius: A God Among Men | |
| |
| |
| |
Plutarch, Life of Demetrius | |
| |
| |
| |
Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet: Ithyphallic Hymn in Honor of Demetrius | |
| |
| |
| |
King and City: Antigonus the One-Eyed and Scepsis | |
| |
| |
| |
Letter of Antigonus to Scepsis | |
| |
| |
| |
Scepsis' Response to Antigonus's Letter | |
| |
| |
| |
Euhemerus of Messsene, Sacred History: How Men Became Gods | |
| |
| |
| |
Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet: Hellenistic Pomp and Circumstance | |
| |
| |
| |
Oil Monopoly of Ptolemy II Philadelphus: Toward a Command Economy | |
| |
| |
| |
Plutarch, The Life of Antony: The Portrait of Queen Cleopatra | |
| |
| |
| |
Hellenistic Philosophy: The Cynic Counterculture | |
| |
| |
| |
Hellenistic Science: Archimedes | |
| |
| |
Selected Background Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
The Roman Republic | |
| |
| |
| |
Livy: The Early Romans | |
| |
| |
| |
Preface: "The greatest nation in the world" | |
| |
| |
| |
The Rape of Lucretia: Monarchy Abolished | |
| |
| |
| |
Horatius at the Bridge: "A noble piece of work" | |
| |
| |
| |
Livy: The Foreign Policy of the Roman Republic | |
| |
| |
| |
Polybius: The Constitution of the Roman Republic | |
| |
| |
| |
Cato the Elder: Traditional Standards in a New Age | |
| |
| |
| |
Pseudo-Cicero: How to Get Elected to Public Office in Rome | |
| |
| |
| |
Tiberius Gracchus: The Republic at the Crossroads | |
| |
| |
| |
Gaius Gracchus: The Republic at the Crossroads, Continued | |
| |
| |
| |
The Revolt of Spartacus: The Dangers of a Slave Society | |
| |
| |
| |
The Conspiracy of Catiline: The Roman Republic in Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
Julius Caesar: The Man and the Statesman | |
| |
| |
| |
The Assassination of Julius Caesar: "Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!" | |
| |
| |
| |
Cicero: "An eloquent man who loved his country well" | |
| |
| |
| |
Advocate of Property Rights, Greek Philosophy, and the Status Quo | |
| |
| |
| |
Champion of Liberty: The Second Philippic | |
| |
| |
| |
Lucretius: Epicurean Philosophy at Rome | |
| |
| |
Selected Background Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
The Roman Empire | |
| |
| |
| |
Augustus: The Achievements of the Deified Augustus | |
| |
| |
| |
Augustus' Reconstruction of the Roman World: Contrasting Estimates | |
| |
| |
| |
Dio Cassius: The "True Democracy" of the Roman Empire | |
| |
| |
| |
Tacitus, Annals: "It was really from a lust for power." | |
| |
| |
| |
The Pax Romana: Divergent Views | |
| |
| |
| |
Tacitus, Histories: "By the prosperity and order of eight hundred years has this fabric of empire been consolidated...." | |
| |
| |
| |
Tacitus, Agricola: "They create a desert and cll it peace." | |
| |
| |
| |
Aelius Aristides, Oration on Rome: "How is this form of government not beyond every democracy?" | |
| |
| |
| |
Rebels Against Rome | |
| |
| |
| |
Tacitus, Annals: The Rebellion of Boudicca in Britian | |
| |
| |
| |
Josephus, History of the Jewish War: The Futility of Revolt | |
| |
| |
| |
Aspects of Roman Slavery | |
| |
| |
| |
Varro, On Agriculture: Setting Up a Slave Plantation | |
| |
| |
| |
Columella, On Agriculture: Masters and Slaves | |
| |
| |
| |
Seneca, Moral Epistle: "...see in him a freeborn man..." | |
| |
| |
| |
Capitalism in the Early Empire: From Free Enterprise to State Intervention | |
| |
| |
| |
Petronius: A Self-Made Millionaire | |
| |
| |
| |
Emergency Measures to Deal with Depression | |
| |
| |
| |
The Legal Status of Roman Women | |
| |
| |
| |
Juvenal: The Emancipated Women of the Early Empire | |
| |
| |
| |
Tacitus: The Early Germans | |
| |
| |
| |
Marcus Aurelius: "Either atoms or Providence" | |
| |
| |
| |
Apuleius: The Cult of Isis and Religious Syncretism | |
| |
| |
Selected Background Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Christianity and Late Antiquity | |
| |
| |
| |
The New Testament: The Beginnings of Christianity | |
| |
| |
| |
The Teachings of Jesus: "Turn away from your sins! The Kingdom of heaven is near!" | |
| |
| |
| |
The Work of Paul | |