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| Preface: Installing and Running Sniffy Pro | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Quick Guide to Menus and Commands | |
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| Introduction to Sniffy | |
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| Why We Created Sniffy | |
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| How We Created Sniffy, the Animated Creature | |
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| Sniffy, the Program | |
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| Sniffy Is a Learning Tool, Not a Research Tool | |
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| Applying What You Learn From Sniffy | |
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| Introduction to Classical Conditioning | |
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| A First Look at Sniffy Pro | |
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| Classical Conditioning Background | |
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| The Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) | |
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| The Design Classical Conditioning Experiment Dialog Box | |
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| The Sensitivity & Fear Mind Window | |
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| The CS Response Strength Mind Window | |
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| The Movement Ratio Window | |
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| The Cumulative Record During Classical Conditioning | |
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| The Suppression Ratio Window | |
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| Types of Associations | |
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| How to Get Reliable, Comparable Results | |
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| Putting Everything Together to Understand Classical Conditioning | |
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| Exporting Your Results to Other Programs | |
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| Printing All the Contents of a Data Window | |
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| Copying and Pasting the Visible Portion of a Window | |
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| Basic Phenomena of Classical Conditioning: Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Stimulus Intensity Effects | |
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| Important Technical Information | |
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| Accelerating Time | |
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| Other Time-Saving Hints | |
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| Noise Control | |
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| Background to the Exercises in This Chapter | |
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| Basic Acquisition of a CR | |
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| Extinction | |
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| Spontaneous Recovery | |
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| Varying the Strength of the CS | |
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| Varying the Strength of the US | |
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| Some Questions | |
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| Something to Do | |
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| Compound Conditioning, Blocking, Overshadowing, and Overexpectation | |
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| Compound Conditioning Compared With Separate CS Pairings | |
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| The Compound Conditioning Experimental Condition | |
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| The Compound Conditioning, Separate Pairing Control Condition | |
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| Blocking | |
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| Blocking Stage 1 | |
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| Blocking Stages 2 and 3 | |
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| Overshadowing | |
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| Overexpectation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Some Questions | |
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| Something to Do | |
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| Inhibitory Conditioning | |
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| Prior Inhibitory Conditioning Slows Excitatory Conditioning | |
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| Setting Up the Experimental Condition | |
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| Setting Up the Control Condition | |
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| Examining the Results | |
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| Inhibitory Conditioning Measured by Response Summation | |
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| Some Questions | |
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| Something to Do | |
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| Associative Structures in Classical Conditioning: Sensory Preconditioning and Higher-Order Conditioning | |
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| Background | |
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| Sensory Preconditioning | |
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| The Experimental Condition | |
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| The Unpaired Control Condition | |
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| Higher-Order Conditioning | |
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| Stage 1 Higher-Order Conditioning | |
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| Stages 2 and 3 of Higher-Order Conditioning | |
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| Some Things to Do | |
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| The Nature of the Association in Classical Conditioning | |
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| Background | |
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| Basic Acquisition Under the Four Models | |
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| Effect on First-Order Conditioning of Habituating the UR | |
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| Basic Higher-Order Conditioning Under the Four Models | |
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| Effect on Higher-Order Conditioning of Extinguishing the First-Order CR | |
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| Effect on Higher-Order Conditioning of Habituating the UR | |
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| Some Questions | |
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| Habituation, Sensitization, Background Conditioning, and the CS and US Pre-exposure Effects | |
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| Background | |
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| Habituation, Sensitization, and Background Conditioning | |
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| CS Pre-exposure Effect | |
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| US Pre-exposure Effect | |
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| Comparing CS and US Pre-exposure With the Control | |
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| A Question | |
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| Something to Do | |
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| Introduction to Operant Conditioning | |
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| Edward Thorndike | |
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| B. F. Skinner | |
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| The Operant Chamber | |
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| Reinforcement and Punishment | |
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| Basic Operant Phenomena: Magazine Training, Shaping, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Secondary Reinforcement | |
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| Operant Conditioning: Technique | |
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| The Operant Associations Mind Window | |
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| Magazine Training | |
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| Shaping Sniffy to Press the Bar | |
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| Cumulative Records-Visualizing Sniffy's Responding | |
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| Extinction | |
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| Secondary Reinforcement | |
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| Spontaneous Recovery | |
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| Some Things to Do | |
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| Behavioral Repertoire | |
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| Another Effect of Magazine Training | |
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| The Effects of Punishment on Response Elimination | |
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| The Effect of a Single Mild Punishment | |
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| The Effect of a Single Severe Punishment | |
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| The Effect of Repeated Mild Punishment | |
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| Some Questions | |
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| Schedules of Reinforcement and the Partial-Reinforcement Effect | |
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| Background and Examples | |
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| Variable-Ratio (VR) and Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules | |
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| Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedules | |
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| Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedules | |
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| Setting Up a Schedule in the Design Operant Conditioning Experiment Dialog Box | |
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| Placing Sniffy on a Small VR Schedule | |
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| Increasing the Value of Sniffy's VR Schedule | |
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| Variable-Interval Schedules | |
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| Fixed-Ratio Schedules | |
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| Fixed-Interval Schedules | |
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| How Realistic Are Sniffy's Schedule Performances? | |
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| The Effect of Partial Reinforcement on Extinction | |
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| Some Questions and Things to Do | |
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| Does Schedule Size Affect Overall Response Rate? | |
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| Does Schedule Size Affect Resistance to Extinction? | |
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| Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization | |
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| Background and Theory | |
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| Setting Up Discrimination-Learning Experiments | |
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| Exporting DS Response Strength Data to a Spreadsheet or Statistical Analysis Program | |
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| Setting Up Stimulus Generalization Tests | |
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| Simple Tone-On S+ Discrimination Learning | |
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| Stimulus Generalization After Simple Tone-On S+ Discrimination Learning | |
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| Simple Tone-On S- Discrimination Learning | |
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| Stimulus Generalization After Simple Tone-On S- Discrimination Learning | |
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| S+/S- Discrimination Learning | |
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| Stimulus Generalization After S+/S- Discrimination Learning | |
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| Comparing the Three Generalization Gradients | |
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| Some Questions | |
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| Something to Do | |
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| Shaping Behaviors Other Than Bar Pressing | |
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| Shaping Sniffy to Beg | |
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| Shaping Sniffy to Wipe His Face | |
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| Shaping Sniffy to Roll | |
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| Shaping Sniffy to Perform Other Behaviors | |
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| Shaping a Cat to Beg or Walk on Its Hind Legs | |
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| Some Questions and Things to Do | |
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| How to Manage Your Sniffy Pro Files | |
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| Floppy Disks and Hard Disks | |
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| Deciding Where to Save Your Files | |
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| Getting Easy Access to the Sniffy Program and Files From Your Computer Desktop | |
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| Creating a Windows Shortcut | |
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| Placing Aliases in the Mac OS X Dock | |
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| Saving Files | |
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| Saving Files in Windows XP | |
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| Saving Files in Mac OS X | |
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| Opening Files | |
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| Opening Files in Windows XP | |
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| Opening Files in Mac OS X | |
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| Copying Files From a Hard Disk to a Floppy Disk | |
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| Instructions for Windows XP Users | |
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| Instructions for Mac OS X Users | |
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| Copying Files From a Floppy Disk to a Hard Disk | |
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| Instructions for Windows XP Users | |
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| Instructions for Mac OS X Users | |
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| Using Sniffy Pro Macintosh Files on a Windows PC and Vice Versa | |
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| Storing Files on a CD | |
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| E-mailing Files | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |