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| Aggression in Everyday Life | |
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| What Is Aggression? | |
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| Violent and Nonviolent Aggression | |
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| Types of Violence in Relationships | |
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| Gender Differences in Violence and Aggression | |
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| Beliefs About Which Is the More Violent Sex | |
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| Societal Expectations for When People Should Be Aggressive | |
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| Gender Differences in Everyday Aggressive Behavior | |
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| Statistics on Criminal Violence | |
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| Gender Differences in Criminal Behavior | |
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| Victims of Criminal Violence | |
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| Violence From Strangers and Those We Know | |
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| Fear of Crime, Especially Violent Crime | |
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| Research on Victims of Violence and Those Who Are Aggressive | |
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| Methodology in Violence Research | |
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| Samples Used in Violence Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Understanding Violence and Aggression: The Environment and Learning | |
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| Psychological Research on Aggression | |
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| Frustration and Aggression | |
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| Pain, Frustration, and Aggression | |
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| Environmental Disasters | |
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| Unpleasant Environmental Conditions | |
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| Psychological Frustration and Stress | |
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| Situations in Which Frustration Does Not Lead to Aggression | |
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| Arousal and Violence | |
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| Alcohol and Aggression | |
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| Other Forms of Arousal and Aggression | |
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| Women and Men as Targets of Aggression | |
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| Learning of Aggression | |
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| Conditioning and Rewards for Aggressiveness | |
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| Observational Learning | |
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| Television and Films as a Source of Models for Aggression | |
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| Aggression in Other Media | |
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| Effects of Pornography | |
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| Gender Socialization | |
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| Other Ways of Learning to Be Aggressive | |
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| Unlearning of Aggression | |
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| Training for Nonaggressive Reactions to Conflict | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Understanding Violence and Aggression: Biological Factors in Aggression and the Aggressive Personality | |
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| Genetic Influences on Aggressiveness | |
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| Finding Genetic Influences by Studying Twins | |
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| Genetic Influences on Related Personality Characteristics | |
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| Testosterone and Aggressiveness | |
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| The Sex Hormones | |
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| Testosterone and Sexual Feelings | |
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| Testosterone and Male Aggression | |
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| Testosterone and the Environment | |
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| Treatment of Violent Sex Offenders by Removal of Testosterone | |
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| Female Sex Hormones and Testosterone | |
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| Testosterone and Dominance in Women | |
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| Other Correlates of Testosterone in Women and Men | |
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| Complications in Interpreting the Effects of Testosterone | |
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| The Aggressive Personality | |
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| "Normal" Aggression | |
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| Highly Aggressive Individuals | |
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| The Aggressive Personality in Children | |
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| Adult and Childhood Violence Are Not Always Related | |
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| Motivations for Aggression in Adults | |
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| Nonviolent Personality | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Reactions to Victimization | |
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| Posttraumatic Stress Reactions | |
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| Events Producing Posttraumatic Stress Reactions | |
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| Predicting the Severity of Reactions to Trauma | |
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| Reactions to the Traumatic Event and to Fears of Future Victimization | |
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| Coping Responses | |
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| Escape and Emotional Withdrawal From What Happened | |
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| Isolation and Social Withdrawal | |
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| Problem Solving or Taking Action to Change the Situation | |
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| Fighting Back as a Form of Coping | |
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| Feeling Control Over One's Life | |
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| Helping Others to Feel Powerful and in Control | |
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| Self-Blame and Information Seeking | |
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| Redefining the Event | |
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| Focusing on the Positive | |
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| Seeking Help From Others | |
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| Futile Help Seeking | |
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| Positive Forms of Help From Others | |
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| Formal Psychological Help: Treatment After Psychological Trauma | |
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| Help from the Police and Social Agencies | |
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| Effectiveness of Different Coping Strategies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Battered Women and Intimate Terrorism | |
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| Societal Attitudes About Marital Violence | |
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| Research on Battered Women | |
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| Battered Wives and Severe Violence | |
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| Overview of the Development of Intimate Terrorism | |
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| Reasons Battered Women Stay and Leave | |
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| Reactions to Severe Intimate Partner Violence | |
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| Motives for Intimate Terrorism | |
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| Getting Help From Others | |
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| Help From Friends and Family | |
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| Other Sources of Help | |
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| Battered Women's Shelters | |
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| Formal Counseling Programs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Reexamining Intimate Partner Violence | |
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| Assumptions Held by Researchers About Intimate Partner Violence | |
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| How Common Is Male and Female Violence in Intimate Relationships? | |
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| Studies of Marital Violence | |
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| Studies of Dating Violence | |
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| Violence in Same-Sex Relationships | |
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| "Common" Couple Violence | |
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| Characteristics of Mutually Violent Relationships | |
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| Motives for Relationship Violence | |
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| Responses to Partner Violence | |
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| Female Violence Only | |
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| Empirical Research Comparing Types of Violent Marriages | |
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| Comparing Violent and Nonviolent Relationships | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Rape and Sexual Assault | |
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| What Is Rape? | |
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| Formal Definitions of Rape | |
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| Victim Definitions of Rape | |
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| Gender Differences in Rape Definitions | |
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| Societal Attitudes About Rape | |
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| Beliefs About Male and Female Sexuality Within Christian Beliefs | |
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| Other Predictors of Belief in Rape Myths | |
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| How Often Does Rape Occur? | |
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| Community Samples | |
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| Female College Students | |
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| Comparing Stranger Sexual Assault and "Acquaintance" Sexual Assault | |
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| Forced Sex as a Form of Relationship Violence | |
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| Violence and Forced Sex in Marriages: Marital Rape | |
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| Unwanted Sex in Unmarried Women and Men | |
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| Reactions to Rape or Rape Attempts | |
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| Immediate Reactions to Rape Attempts | |
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| Long-Term Reactions to Rapes | |
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| Other Effects of Rape | |
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| Help Seeking in Rape Victims | |
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| Police and the Legal System | |
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| Professional Counseling | |
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| Motives for Rape: Who Are the Rapists? | |
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| Investigations of the Idea That Rape Is Normative | |
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| Specific Attitudes and Personality Factors That Predict Rape in Males | |
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| Multiple Types of Male Rapists? | |
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| Motives of Sexually Aggressive Women | |
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| Forced Sex May Not Always Be Unwanted | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Child Abuse, Incest, and Learning to Be Violent | |
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| Defining Physical and Sexual Child Abuse | |
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| How Common Is Child Abuse? | |
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| Spanking and Physical Punishment | |
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| Finding Out About Serious Forms of Physical Punishment or Sexual Abuse | |
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| Statistics on Physical Child Abuse | |
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| Change in Statistics on Child Abuse | |
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| Characteristics of Physically Abusive Parents | |
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| Beliefs That Their Children Are Hostile | |
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| Parental Stress and Child Abuse | |
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| Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse | |
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| Other Characteristics of Abusive Parents | |
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| Consequences for the Child of Physical Abuse by Parents | |
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| Direct Effects of Physical Abuse on the Child | |
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| Observation of Adult Violence | |
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| Delinquency and Criminal Behavior | |
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| Effects of Negative Childhood Experiences on the Tendency to Rape | |
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| Lack of Parental Attention | |
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| The Cycle of Violence: Abused Children Grow Up to Be Violent Spouses | |
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| Not All Abused Children Become Abusive as Adults | |
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| Incest and Sexual Abuse of Children | |
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| Prevalence of Child Sex Abuse and Incest | |
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| Memory of Child Sexual Experiences | |
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| Father-Child Sexual Contact | |
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| Effects of Child Sex Experiences: Long-Term Psychological Reactions | |
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| Studies of Child Sex Experiences in Females | |
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| Studies of Child Sex Experiences in Males | |
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| Problems in Research on Abuse of Children | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| The Need for More Theoretical Context for Studies of Intimate Partner Violence | |
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| Reassessing Gender Differences in Aggression | |
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| Feminism and Beliefs About Male Aggression | |
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| Understanding Female Violence and Aggression | |
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| Are Overall Levels of Violence Decreasing? | |
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| Stopping Violence | |
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| Raising Nonviolent Children | |
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| Rape Prevention Programs | |
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| Treatment of Sex Offenders | |
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| What Is Nonviolence? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Related Web Sites | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |