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Preface | |
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About the Authors | |
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Presidential Leadership: An Introduction | |
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The Original Presidency | |
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The Creation of the Institution | |
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The Scope of Article II | |
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The Evolution of the Presidency | |
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Policy-Making Roles | |
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Organizational Structure | |
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Public Dimensions | |
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Problems of Contemporary Leadership | |
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Approaches to Studying the Presidency | |
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Legal | |
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Institutional | |
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Political Power | |
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Psychological | |
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Summary | |
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Orientation and Organization of This Book | |
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Thinking about Leadership: Two Perspectives | |
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Conceptual Focus | |
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A Preview | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The Nomination Process | |
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The Evolution of the System | |
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Changes in the Political Arena | |
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Party Reforms | |
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Campaign Finance | |
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Public Relations | |
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The Quest for the Nomination: A Strategic Game Plan | |
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Non-Front-Runners | |
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Pulpit Candidates | |
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Front-Runners | |
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The Noncompetitive Phase of the Nomination Process | |
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Launching the Presidential Campaign: The National Conventions | |
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Characteristics of the Nominees | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The Presidential Election | |
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The Strategic Environment | |
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The Electoral College | |
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The Polity | |
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Financial Considerations | |
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News Coverage | |
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The Presidential Campaign | |
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Creating an Organization | |
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Designing an Image | |
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Projecting a Partisan Appeal | |
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Building a Winning Coalition | |
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Media Tactics | |
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The Meaning of the Election | |
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Predictions and Polls | |
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Analyzing the Results | |
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Assessing the Mandate | |
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Converting the Electoral Coalition for Governance | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The President and the Public | |
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Understanding Public Opinion | |
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Americans' Opinions | |
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Public Opinion Polls | |
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Presidential Election Results | |
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Mail from the Public | |
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Acting Contrary to Public Opinion | |
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Public Expectations of the President | |
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High Expectations | |
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Contradictory Expectations | |
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Public Approval of the President | |
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Levels of Approval | |
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Party Identification | |
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Positivity Bias | |
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The Persistence of Approval | |
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Long-Term Decline | |
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Personality or Policy? | |
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Personal Characteristics | |
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Issues | |
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Rally Events | |
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Leading the Public | |
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Direct Opinion Leadership | |
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Framing Issues | |
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The Use of Symbols | |
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Public Relations | |
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Success of Opinion Leadership | |
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Information Control | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The President and the Media | |
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The Evolution of Media Coverage | |
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Relations between the President and the Press | |
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The White House Press Corps | |
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The Presidential Press Operation | |
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The Presidential Press Conference | |
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Services for the Press | |
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Managing the News | |
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Press Coverage of the President | |
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Leaks | |
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Superficiality | |
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Bias | |
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Media Effects | |
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Setting the Public's Agenda | |
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Media Framing and Priming | |
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Public Knowledge | |
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Limiting the President's Options | |
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Undermining the President | |
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Limits on Media Effects | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The President's Office | |
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Organizing Executive Advice | |
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The Evolution of the Cabinet | |
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The Creation of a Presidential Bureaucracy | |
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Consequences of Structural Change | |
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Providing a Presidential Staffing System | |
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The Early Years | |
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The Personalized White House, 1939 to 1960 | |
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The Institutionalized White House, 1960 to the Present | |
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Trends in White House Staffing | |
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The Growth of the Vice Presidency | |
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The President's Spouse | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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Presidential Decision Making | |
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Previous Commitments | |
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Time Constraints | |
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Organization and Style of Decision Making | |
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White House Organization | |
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The Form of Advice | |
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Multiple Advocacy | |
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Presidential Involvement | |
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Relationships with Advisers | |
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Disagreeing with the President | |
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Discouraging Advice | |
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Groupthink | |
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Staff Rivalries | |
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Loss of Perspective | |
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Role Conceptions | |
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Bureaucratic Politics and Decision Making | |
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Organizational Parochialism | |
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Maintaining the Organization | |
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Organizational and Personal Influence | |
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Bureaucratic Structure | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The Psychological Presidency | |
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Qualifications for Office | |
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Social and Political Background | |
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Physical Attributes and General Health | |
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Psychological Orientation | |
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Cognitive Dimensions | |
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Impact of Worldviews | |
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Managing Inconsistency | |
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Presidential Style | |
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White House Staff Relationships | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The President and the Executive Branch | |
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Lack of Attention to Implementation | |
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Communication of Presidential Decisions | |
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Transmission | |
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Clarity | |
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Consistency | |
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Resources | |
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Money | |
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Staff | |
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Authority | |
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Facilities and Equipment | |
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Dispositions | |
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White House Distrust | |
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Bureaucratic Responsiveness to the President | |
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Staffing the Bureaucracy | |
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Limiting Discretion | |
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The Bureaucratic Structure | |
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Standard Operating Procedures | |
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Fragmentation | |
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Follow-Up | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The President and Congress | |
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Formal Legislative Powers | |
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Sources of Conflict between the Executive and Legislative Branches | |
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Constituencies | |
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Internal Structures | |
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Information and Expertise | |
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Time Perspectives | |
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Agenda Setting | |
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Party Leadership | |
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Party Support of the President | |
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Leading the Party | |
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Public Support | |
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Public Approval | |
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Mandates | |
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Evaluating Strategic Position | |
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Presidential Legislative Skills | |
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Congressional Liaison | |
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Personal Appeals | |
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Bargaining | |
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Services and Amenities | |
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Pressure | |
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Consultation | |
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Setting Priorities | |
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Moving Quickly | |
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Structuring Choice | |
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The Context of Influence | |
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The Impact of Legislative Skills | |
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The Veto | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The President and the Judiciary | |
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Judicial Selection | |
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Selection of Lower-Court Judges | |
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Backgrounds of Lower-Court Judges | |
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Selection of Supreme Court Justices | |
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Characteristics of Justices | |
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President-Supreme Court Relations | |
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Molding the Court | |
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Arguments in the Courts | |
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Enforcing Court Decisions | |
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Other Relationships | |
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Complying with the Court | |
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Presidential Compliance | |
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Deference to the President | |
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Judicial Powers | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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Domestic Policy Making | |
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The Development of a Policy-Making Role | |
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Institutionalizing Presidential Initiatives | |
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Changing Policy Environment | |
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The Office of Management and Budget and the Executive Branch | |
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Exercising Central Clearance | |
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Issuing Statements of Administration Policy | |
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Coordinating Executive Branch Advice | |
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Reviewing Agency Regulations | |
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Overseeing Executive Orders | |
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Decision Making in and by the OMB | |
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The Evolution of White House Policy Making | |
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Structural Orientation | |
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Stylistic Differences | |
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Strategies for Policy Making | |
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Accommodating External Forces | |
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Building a Policy Agenda | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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Budgetary and Economic Policy Making | |
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The Federal Budget | |
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The Battle of the Budget: President Versus Congress | |
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The Budget Makers | |
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The President | |
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The Office of Management and Budget | |
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The Executive Departments and Agencies | |
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The Congress | |
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Presidential Leadership and the Budget | |
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Domestic Economic Policy Making | |
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Foreign Economic Policy Making | |
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Economic Policy Makers | |
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The Department of the Treasury | |
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The Federal Reserve Board | |
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The Council of Economic Advisers | |
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The Office of Management and Budget | |
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International Economic Advisers | |
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The Coordination of Economic Advice | |
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The Politics of Economic Policy Making | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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Foreign and Defense Policy Making | |
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Constitutional and Statutory Authority | |
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The Original Design | |
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The Exercise of Powers | |
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The Expansion of a Policy-Making Role | |
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Incentives for Presidential Leadership | |
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Policy Goals and Presidential Success: The Two Presidentices Thesis | |
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The Development of an Advisory System | |
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The Executive Departments | |
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The National Security Council | |
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The Special Assistant for National Security Affairs | |
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Assessing the Advisory System | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |
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The Unilateral Presidency | |
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Executive Orders and Proclamations | |
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Executive Agreements and Foreign Policy Doctrines | |
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Command Authority: The President's War Powers | |
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Historical Precedents | |
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Congressional Acquiescence | |
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Checks and Balances Restored | |
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Legislative Veto | |
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Judicial Pardons | |
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Conclusion | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Web Exercises | |
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Selected Readings | |
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Notes | |